Types Of Cancer | SilverScorpio.Com

Research and Markets: Based On Projections, Cancer Deaths Will Continue To Rise With an Estimated 9 Million People Dying From Cancer in 2015, And 11.4 Million Dying In 2030

June 10, 2010 By vani Leave a Comment

DUBLIN–(Business Wire)–
Research and Markets
(http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/122efb/looking_at_the_can) has
announced the addition of the “Looking at the Cancer Therapy Market” report to
their offering.

Cancer is a disease characterized by a population of cells that grow and divide
without respect to normal limits, invade and destroy adjacent tissues, and may
spread to distant anatomic sites through a process called metastasis. These
life-threatening, malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign
tumors, which are self-limited in their growth and do not invade or metastasize.
Cancer may affect people at all ages, but risk for the more common varieties
tends to increase with age. It is one of the principal causes of death in
developed countries.

Cancer affects everyone – the young and old, the rich and poor, men, women and
children – and represents a tremendous burden on patients, families and
societies. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world,
particularly in developing countries.

Take a look at some hard-hitting facts about this deadly disease:

* In 2005, 7.6 million people died of cancer out of 58 million deaths worldwide.

* More than 70% of all cancer deaths occur in low and middle income countries,
where resources available for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer are
limited or nonexistent.
* Based on projections, cancer deaths will continue to rise with an estimated 9
million people dying from cancer in 2015, and 11.4 million dying in 2030.

a comprehensive research report – Looking at the Cancer Therapy Market – which
analyzes the global cancer market. Explaining the basics of cancer, to the
treatments available and the diagnostic procedures for the disease, the report
takes a closer look at the various types of cancer which are prevalent in todays
age. The report analyzes the market characteristics of each type of cancer,
presenting statistical analysis, theoretical data, and a look at the drug
industry for that particular type of cancer.

The report focuses on the leading companies in this segment and what work they
are involved in at present in relation to the cancer therapy segment in the
global pharmaceutical industry.

Overall, a thorough and complete report looking at the Global Cancer Therapy
Market!

Aruvian Research presents a comprehensive research report – Looking at the
Cancer Therapy Market – which analyzes the global cancer market. Explaining the
basics of cancer, to the treatments available and the diagnostic procedures for
the disease, the report takes a closer look at the various types of cancer which
are prevalent in todays age. The report analyzes the market characteristics of
each type of cancer, presenting statistical analysis, theoretical data, and a
look at the drug industry for that particular type of cancer.

The report focuses on the leading companies in this segment and what work they
are involved in at present in relation to the cancer therapy segment in the
global pharmaceutical industry.

Overall, a thorough and complete report looking at the Global Cancer Therapy
Market!

Key Topics Covered:

* Executive Summary
* Introduction
* Causes and Pathophysiology of Cancer
* Diagnosing Cancer & Treatment Options
* Looking at Brain Cancer
* Looking at Breast Cancer
* Looking at Lung Cancer
* Looking at Leukemia
* Looking at Prostrate Cancer
* Analyzing Major Industry Players
* Forecast for the Global Cancer Market
* Appendix
* Glossary of Terms

Companies Mentioned:

* AstraZeneca
* Bristol-Myers Squibb
* GlaxoSmithKline
* Novartis
* Pfizer
* Sanofi Aventis

For more information visit

http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/122efb/looking_at_the_can

Research and Markets
Laura Wood, Senior Manager,
press@researchandmarkets.com
U.S. Fax: 646-607-1907
Fax (outside U.S.): +353-1-481-1716

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Fruits, vegetables ‘can cut child cancer risk’

May 10, 2010 By vani Leave a Comment

London, May 10 (ANI): Children must eat more fruits and vegetables to reduce the risk of cancer in later life, a charity has said.

The latest published Health Survey for England (HSE) for 2008 suggested that four in five children are not eating the recommended amount of fruit and vegetables.

Now the World Cancer Research Fund has warned that this could lead to an increased risk of them developing cancer in later life.

“The fact that only a fifth of children are getting enough fruit and vegetables is a concern because it is important that we encourage children to get into healthy habits as early in life as possible,” the Daily Express quoted Nathalie Winn, nutritionist for the WCRF, as saying.

“This is because scientific research shows that eating a plant-based diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables, wholegrains and pulses probably reduces the risk of a number of types of cancer later in life,” Winn added.

Ahead of its annual Fruity Friday campaign, the WCRF is highlighting the importance of a good diet.

The research shows that, on average, boys aged five to 15 eat 3.1 portions of fruit and vegetables while girls have 3.3 portions a day, according to the Health Survey for England 2008.

It even showed that one in 14 boys and one in 25 girls did not eat any fruit or vegetables at all on the day of the survey. (ANI)

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Breast milk may help beat cancer

April 20, 2010 By vani Leave a Comment

Washington, Apr 20 (ANI): Researchers at Lund University and the University of Gothenburg, Sweden claim that a substance found in breast milk can kill cancer cells.

Although the special substance, known as HAMLET (Human Alpha-lactalbumin Made LEthal to Tumour cells), was discovered in breast milk several years ago, it is only now that it has been possible to test it on humans.

Patients with cancer of the bladder who were treated with the substance excreted dead cancer cells in their urine after each treatment, which has given rise to hopes that it can be developed into medication for cancer care in the future.

Lab experiments have shown that HAMLET kills 40 different types of cancer, and the researchers are now going on to study its effect on skin cancer, tumours in the mucous membranes and brain tumours. Importantly, HAMLET kills only cancer cells and does not affect healthy cells. (ANI)

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Types Of Cancer | Types Of Cancer List | Cancer List | Common Cancer Types | Common Cancer Types List | All Types Of Cancer | All Types Of Cancer List

December 2, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems.

Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which they start – for example, cancer that begins in the colon is called colon cancer; cancer that begins in basal cells of the skin is called basal cell carcinoma.

Common Cancer Types :

* Bladder Cancer
* Breast Cancer
* Colon and Rectal Cancer
* Endometrial Cancer
* Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer
* Leukemia
* Lung Cancer
* Melanoma
* Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
* Pancreatic Cancer
* Prostate Cancer
* Skin Cancer
* Thyroid Cancer

For Information About Cancer Website : http://www.cancer.gov

For More Information About All Cancer Types Website : http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/alphalist

Filed Under: Health News Tagged With: 100 Different Types Of Cancer, abnormal cells, All Types Of Cancer, All Types Of Cancer List, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Basal Cells, bladder cancer, breast cancer, Cancer Breast, cancer cancer, cancer cells, cancer colon, Cancer Endometrial, Cancer List, Cancer Thyroid, cancer types, Cancer Website, Colon And Rectal Cancer, colon cancer, Colon Is Called Colon Cancer, Common Cancer Types, Common Cancer Types List, Endometrial Cancer, Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer, Leukemia, lung cancer, Lymph Systems, melanoma, Non Hodgkin Lymphoma, Pancreatic Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Renal Cell Cancer, skin cancer, Skin Is Called Basal Cell Carcinoma, thyroid cancer, types of cancer, Types Of Cancer List, Which Abnormal Cells Divide Without Control, Www Cancer

‘Wonder drug’ a true cancer-buster

September 17, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

London, Sept 16 (ANI): A promising pill may be able to treat more types of cancer than first thought, according to researchers.

The wonder pill can tackle five other forms of the disease – prostate, skin, ovarian, bowel and womb cancer, say scientists.

As per lab tests, the drug targets cancer cells while leaving healthy cells relatively unaffected – meaning fewer side effects for patients. It belongs to a class called PARP inhibitors.

The type – olaparib – is already being used to treat some hereditary forms of breast cancer.

It was developed by Professor Alan Ashworth and a British team from research charity Breakthrough Breast Cancer, reports The Sun.

The team found that the inhibitors killed cancer cells behind 30 per cent of breast cancers – and up to 80 per cent of breast, prostate, melanoma, womb, bowel and ovarian cancers.

Ashworth said: “These results are exciting because they show that PARP inhibitors are potentially a powerful targeted treatment with few side effects which may help a broad range of cancer patients.

“This shows the real benefits of applying cutting edge science to cancer treatment.”

And co-researcher Dr Chris Lord added: “This class of drugs could potentially make a big difference for thousands of cancer patients, including some with very limited treatment options.

“It shows Breakthrough’s focus on turning lab research into patient benefit as quickly as possible is having an impact.”

Prof Peter Rigby, chief executive of the Institute of Cancer Research, said: “This shows they could benefit far more patients than previously believed.” (ANI)

Filed Under: Science News Tagged With: breakthrough breast cancer, breast cancer, breast cancers, cancer cells, cancer patients, cancer research, cancer treatment, Cutting Edge Science, dr chris, drug targets, Forms Of Breast Cancer, ovarian cancers, parp, patient benefit, Prof Peter, professor alan, Research Charity, true cancer, types of cancer, womb cancer

Over-expressed protein may make non-invasive breast cancer invasive

September 10, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, Sep 9 (ANI): An over-expressed protein can convert active but non-invasive breast cancer into a different cell type, and thereby turn it into invasive breast cancer, according to scientists at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.

The researchers say that overexpression of the protein 14-3-3? (zeta) launches a molecular cascade that removes bonds that tie the pre-malignant cells together, and hold them in place, converting them from stationary epithelial cells to highly mobile mesenchymal-like cells.

This epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is recognized as a crucial step in metastasis, the spread of cancer to distant organs that causes 90 percent of all cancer deaths.

“We have discovered a key molecular mechanism for the deadly transition of non-invasive breast cancer into invasive disease,” said senior author Dr. Dihua Yu.

The researchers have shown that the zeta protein teams up with the oncoprotein ErbB2, also known as HER2, in a two-hit process to convert normal mammary cells to invasive cancer cells.

The findings of the study also provided a biomarker in zeta to identify high-risk patients for more aggressive treatment before their noninvasive breast cancer converts to invasive disease.

The researchers also got new therapeutic targets among the components of the molecular pathway launched by zeta.

According to Yu, some drugs already aim at these targets.

In addition, they found a solution to a puzzling mystery about how a subset of non-invasive breast cancer with excessive presence of an ErbB2/HER2 develops into invasive breast cancer.

Earlier, the researchers showed that zeta is over-expressed in many other cancer types, like lung, liver, uterine, stomach cancers.

“Our findings might have broader implications relating to the mechanism of invasion and metastasis in other types of cancer,” Yu said.

The researchers said that it would be very challenging to target zeta by drugs because it also regulates other important proteins in normal cellular processes.

The study has been published in the journal Cancer Cell. (ANI)

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Molecular signature may tell which cancer patients will respond to therapy

September 7, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

London, September 7 (ANI): American scientists say that a molecular signature that that helps account for the aggressive behaviour of a variety of cancers-such as pancreatic, breast and melanoma-may also help identify patients who are likely to respond to a particular anti-cancer drug.

Researchers at the Moores Cancer Center at the University of California-San Diego (UCSD) say that their findings may lead to a personalized approach to treatment for a variety of solid tumours that are currently resistant to therapies.

In a study, they have found that a receptor sitting on the surface of certain aggressive tumour cells can activate a key enzyme, src-kinase, which helps tumour cells to become more aggressive in the body.

Writing in their study report, the researchers have pointed out that this enzyme is the target of the anticancer drug dasatinib, which blocks its activity and is currently approved for treating chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).

They further state that the scientists the presence of the receptor – a protein called integrin alpha-v beta-3 – on some of the more common solid tumors such as breast, colon, lung and pancreas could help identify individuals with many other types of cancer that are also likely to respond to the drug.

“These results could enable us to identify the subpopulation of cancer patients who are likely to respond to treatment with dasatinib,” Nature magazine quoted Dr. David Cheresh, professor and vice chair of pathology at the UC San Diego School of Medicine and the Moores UCSD Cancer Center, who led the work, as saying.

“Rather than treat all patients with a given tumor type the same way, by identifying a specific molecular signature consisting of the receptor and its activated enzyme, we can customize the treatment in such a way that we impact the patients most likely to be sensitive to a drug,” he added.

During the study, the researchers compared the growth properties of pancreatic and breast cancer cells that expressed the alpha-v beta-3 receptor with those that did not.

Their effort led to the discovery of a molecular pathway that accounted for the increased malignancy.

“Once we identified the pathway, we immediately realized that the drug dasatinib, which targets this pathway, would be a logical choice to use against these cancers,” Cheresh said.

Experimenting on a pre-clinical model of pancreatic cancer, the researchers have confirmed that tumour cells with the receptor responded to the drug, while those not expressing receptors did not.

Cheresh pointed to pancreatic cancer tumours, approximately 60 percent of which carry the marker on the tumour cell surface.

“We would argue that pancreatic cancer patients with alpha-v beta-3 would respond to dasatinib,” he said.

According to him, tumours that lack the marker appear to be resistant to the drug.

“We discovered an unexpected pathway that accounts for increased malignancy in a population of some of the most dangerous cancers,” he said, noting that the marker could be identified by a biopsy.

“There are features of the findings that allow us to implicate dasatinib not just for a single tumour type, but for all tumours with the malignant signature,” he added.

Dr. Barbara Parker, medical director of oncology services at the Moores UCSD Cancer Center, said: “These observations suggest a strategy for testing the effectiveness of dasatinib in breast cancer patients who are positive for the alpha-v beta-3 receptor.”

A research article on the study has been published in the online edition of the journal Nature Medicine. (ANI)

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Protein that controls conversion of normal cells into cancer cells identified

June 27, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, June 26 (ANI): A protein called STAT3 has a major role to play in the conversion of normal cells into cancerous cells, according to a study.

Led by Dr. David E. Levy, a professor of pathology and microbiology at NYU Langone Medical Centre, the study found that STAT3 not only plays a part in the cell nucleus regulating gene expression, but is also present in mitochondria and regulates the activity of the electron transport chain in tumour cells.

Mitochondria are the basic energy-producing organelles of the cell, and are known to be critical for tumour cell metabolism.

“These results open the possibility that inhibiting the mitochondrial function of STAT3 could be a promising cancer therapy in the future.

By knowing this mitrochondrial function is critical, it may be possible to design therapeutic strategies that specifically target this function while sparing the other functions of the protein, such as its ability to turn genes on. Therefore, we would hope that inhibitors could be developed that would be highly specific for cancer cells,” added Levy.

STAT3, which stands for “signal transducer and activators of transcription”, is a protein that was discovered as a regulator of gene expression.

Its only function was thought to be to turn genes on in the cell nucleus, particularly when the cells have been exposed to events that require an immune response.

However, it was found to mediate many critical steps in the response to infection.

The researchers in the current study have been studying STAT3 since the mid 1990s, when they first cloned its gene.

The current results were obtained from experiments that examined tumours caused by the Ras oncogene, which causes many human cancers.

“Future experiments will need to determine if a similar mitochondrial role for STAT3 is critical for other types of cancer as well. We’ll also need a better understanding of the biochemical basis for the function of STAT3. For instance, we are trying to find out what STAT3 does in mitochondria, what enzymes and processes it regulates and how these processes differ in tumors compared to normal cells,” said Levy.

The study has been published in the journal Science. (ANI)

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Gene in breast cancer pathway identified

May 13, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, May 13 (ANI): In a new study, scientists at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University have unravelled a mechanism responsible for turning on and off a gene crucial to breast cancer spread.

Einstein scientists had previously discovered a gene called ZBP1 (zipcode binding protein 1), which helps cells to move, grow and organize spatially.

“ZBP1 is very active in the developing embryo but largely silent in adult tissues,” said Dr Robert H. Singer, professor and co-chair of anatomy and structural biology and co-director of the Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center at Einstein.

This gene has been found active in several types of cancer, including breast, colorectal, and non-small cell lung cancers; but the gene is silenced in metastasizing cancer cells.

In the new study, Singer and another Einstein scientist, Dr John Condeelis sought to determine how ZBP1 gene is activated and silenced and how it influences the spread of breast cancer.

The find may offer potential drug targets for preventing metastasis.

After examining mouse, rat, and human breast cancer cells, they found that ZBP1 silencing occurs when a methyl group (CH3) attaches to ZBP1′s promoter region (the segment of a gene where gene expression is initiated).

The attachment of CH3 prevents the promoter from binding to a protein called beta-catenin. And without beta-catenin, the ZBP1 gene is effectively silenced.

The study showed that the silencing of ZBP1 increases cancer cells’ ability to migrate and promotes the proliferation of metastatic cells.

The researchers claim that the study has important implications for forecasting breast cancer outcomes.

They said that signs of ZBP1 silencing in breast cancer cells would indicate that a breast tumour is likely to spread information that would help in choosing a treatment strategy.

“If you could turn on this protein in cancer cells, or prevent it from being turned off, you could seriously reduce the ability of the cells to metastasize,” said Singer.

The study appears in the Journal of Cell Science. (ANI)

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City-dwellers more likely to develop late-stage cancer than rural residents

May 11, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, May 11 (ANI): A new study has revealed that people who live in urban areas are at higher risk of developing late-stage cancer than those who live in suburban and rural areas.

The findings indicate a need for more effective urban-based cancer screening and awareness programs.

To explore the rural and urban differences in late-stage cancer diagnoses, Sara L. McLafferty, Ph.D., of the University of Illinois and Fahui Wang, Ph.D., of Louisiana Sate University analyzed data from the Illinois State Cancer Registry from 1998 to 2002.

The researchers assessed late-stage cancer diagnoses of the four major types of cancer (breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate) throughout the state, comparing data from cities with those from less-populated regions.

They found that for all four cancers, risk was highest in the most highly urbanized area (Chicago) and decreased as areas became more rural.

However, in the most isolated rural areas, risk was also high. Risks were considerably low among patients living in large towns in rural areas.

For colorectal and prostate cancers, and to a lesser extent breast cancer, these disparities stemmed mainly from differences in the ages and races of individuals in the various geographic areas.

A high concentration of vulnerable populations and economically disadvantaged areas in Chicago and its suburbs accounted for the high rates of late-stage diagnosis found in these highly urban areas.

Among the different races, the black population was particularly vulnerable to late diagnosis. On the other hand, the lower rates of late-stage diagnosis in rural areas reflected the greater presence of elderly patients who have a lower risk of late-stage diagnosis, likely because of frequent doctors’ visits and age-related cancer screenings.

Differences in age and race did not explain the geographic disparities seen for lung cancer, indicating that other factors-such as cancer awareness or diagnostic differences-account for the rural-urban differences in late-stage lung cancer diagnosis.

The researchers said that their study found a reversal of the commonly held view that late-stage cancer risks are highest for rural residents.

“The concentration of health disadvantage in highly urbanized places emphasizes the need for more extensive urban-based cancer screening and education programs, especially programs targeted to the most vulnerable urban populations and neighbourhoods,” they said.

The study is published in the June 15, 2009 issue of CANCER, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Cancer Society. (ANI)

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Novel genetic regulator involved in head, throat cancers discovered

May 2, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, Apr 29 (ANI): In a major scientific advancement, pharmacy researchers at Oregon State University have discovered a genetic regulator, called CTIP2, which is expressed at higher levels in the most aggressive types of head and neck cancers.

The study might help in the identification of these cancers earlier or even offer a new therapy at some point in the future.

In a recent research, the “transcriptional regulator” CTIP2 was demonstrated to be a master regulator that has important roles in many biological functions, ranging from the proper development of enamel on teeth to skin formation and the possible treatment of eczema or psoriasis.

But, in the latest study, scientists found for the first time that levels of CTIP2 were more than five times higher in the “poorly differentiated” tumour cells that caused the most deadly types of squamous cell carcinomas in the larynx, throat, tongue and other parts of the head.

The researchers even found a high correlation between greater CTIP2 expression and the aggressive nature of the cancer.

They said that head and neck squamous cell cancers are the sixth most common cancers in the world, and a significant cause of mortality. They have been linked to such things as tobacco use and alcohol consumption.

“Serious head and throat cancer is pretty common, and mortality rates from it haven’t improved much in 20 years, despite new types of treatments. With these new findings, we believe it should be possible to create an early screening and diagnostic tool to spot these cancers earlier, tell physicians which ones need the most aggressive treatments and which are most apt to recur,” said Gitali Indra, an assistant professor in the OSU College of Pharmacy.

The scientists hope that the work could lead to new therapeutic approaches.

Also they said that this genetic regulator could be involved in both skin development and these types of cancer makes some sense, as both originate from epithelial cells.

The study speculated that CTIP2 could help regulate the growth of what is believed to be a cancer “stem” or “progenitor” cell, which has a greater potential to generate tumours through the stem cell processes of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell types.

Therefore, targeting cancer stem cells holds promise for improvement of survival and quality of life of cancer patients.

The study is published in PLoS ONE a professional journal. (ANI)

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Experimental drug shows promise in treating head, neck cancers

May 2, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, April 29 (ANI): An anti-cancer compound studied for treating blood cancers may also help in treating cancers of the head and neck, say researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University.

The study involved a new class of chemotherapy agents known as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which affect the availability of genes that are transcribed and translated into proteins.

In many types of cancer, out-of-control cell growth results from certain genes that are either too active or not active enough in producing proteins.

HDAC inhibitors appear to combat cancer by restoring the normal expression of key regulatory genes that control cell growth and survival.

The researchers focused on a particular HDAC inhibitor known as LBH589 that has already shown some success in clinical trials involving people with cancers of the blood.

The researchers found that LBH589 succeeded in killing tumour cells that had been removed from head and neck cancer patients and grown in the laboratory.

“This report shows that an HDAC inhibitor is effective on head and neck cancer cell lines, and that is the first step toward use in humans,” said Richard Smith, M.D., the lead clinician involved in the study.

The researchers also identified a set of genes whose expression levels change in response to the HDAC inhibitors-a finding that may help doctors identify patients most likely to respond to the drug.

Plans call for testing LBH589 on head and neck tumour cells from more patients so that the set of genes that respond to the drug can be more firmly established.

Michael Prystowsky, M.D., Ph.D., chair and professor of pathology at Einstein and co-author of the study, said: “We are performing studies in mice to confirm these laboratory results, which hopefully will progress to human clinical trials of LBH589 for the treatment of head and neck cancer,” said

The study is reported in the April 28th online edition of the Journal of Pathology. (ANI)

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An aspirin a day can cut cancer risk in over 40s

May 2, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

London, Apr 29 (ANI): A daily dose of aspirin in your 40s could cut the risk of developing cancer later in life, a new study claims.

A study published in the Lancet Oncology suggests taking aspirin at any age before cancer begins to develop – and for at least ten years – would maximise the drug’s potential to prevent the fatal disease.

Researchers believe the drug blocks the effects of the COX enzymes – proteins involved in inflammation and found at unusually high levels in several types of cancer, reports The Daily Express.

Study author Professor Jack Cuzick of the Cancer Research UK Centre for Epidemiology at Queen Mary, University of London, said: “Taking aspirin regularly in your mid-40s could maximise the effect this drug has on preventing cancer.
“Taking aspirin at this age, which is about the time pre-cancerous lesions usually begin to develop, may be the best time to stop the disease progressing.”(ANI)

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Grapefruit juice boosts anti-cancer drug’s effects

April 21, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, Apr 21 (ANI): Grapefruit juice boosts the anti-cancer effects of the drug rapamycin, a new study has found.

In a small, early clinical trial, researchers at the University of Chicago Medical Center found that combining eight ounces of grapefruit juice with the drug rapamycin can increase drug levels, allowing lower doses of the drug to be given.
hey also showed that the combination can be effective in treating various types of cancer.

In data presented at the AACR 100th Annual Meeting 2009, the Chicago researchers examine ways to exploit the fruit’s medication-altering properties.

“Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of certain drugs three to five times,” said study director Ezra Cohen, MD, a cancer specialist at the University of Chicago Medical Center.

“This has always been considered a hazard. We wanted to see if, and how much, it could amplify the availability, and perhaps the efficacy of rapamycin, a drug with promise for cancer treatment,” Ezra added.

The trial was designed to test “whether we could use this to boost rapamycin’s bioavailability to the patient’s advantage, to determine how much the juice altered drug levels, and to assess its impact on anti-cancer activity and side effects,” he said.

The study followed 28 patients with advanced solid tumors, for which there is no effective treatment. The dose of the drug increased with each group of five patients, from 15 milligrams up to 35. Patients took the drug by mouth, as a liquid, once a week.

Beginning in week two, they washed it down with a glass of grapefruit juice (Citius paradisi), taken immediately after the rapamycin and then once a day for the rest of the week.

Twenty-five participants remained in the study long enough to be evaluated. Seven of those 25 had stable disease, with little or no tumor growth. One patient had a partial response, with the tumor shrinking by about 30 percent. That patient is still doing well more than a year after beginning the trial. (ANI)

Filed Under: Health News Tagged With: bioavailability, Blood Levels, cancer drug, cancer effects, cancer specialist, cancer treatment, Chicago Medical Center, chicago researchers, clinical trial, cohen md, efficacy, ezra, five patients, grapefruit juice, milligrams, Partial Response, rest of the week, stable disease, Study Director, tumor growth, types of cancer

New imaging tool could improve cancer diagnosis

April 15, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Technique designed to give better look inside a cell

* Could help determine how to treat cancers

* Researchers used dye-containing nanoparticle probes

By Julie Steenhuysen

CHICAGO, April 14 (Reuters) – A new imaging technique that uses tiny, dye-containing particles to “fingerprint” proteins within a single cell may lead to better ways to diagnose and treat cancer, U.S. researchers said on Tuesday.

If the technique succeeds on a larger scale, it could improve the ability not only to diagnose cancers, but to determine how aggressive a tumor is and how likely it is to respond to therapy.

“We could use it for diagnosis and maybe to help plan an appropriate treatment for a specific indication,” said Cathy Shachaf, a researcher at Stanford University whose study appears in the Public Library of Science Journal PLoS One.

Shachaf said the effort is designed to give doctors a better look at the machinery inside a cell.

“Different types of cells are active in cancer,” Shachaf said. “What we tried to do is develop technology to be able to look at the proteins active in a single cell to able to define and distinguish different types of cancer cells from each other.”

She said current cell imaging technology known as flow cytometry uses antibodies tagged with fluorescent dye to detect proteins, which light up as they flow through a beam of light.

But the images can become muddy if there are too many overlapping colors, limiting the number of proteins that can be imaged simultaneously to about 20.

Rather than simple fluorescent dyes, the Stanford team used special nanoparticle probes created by Intel Corp (INTC.O) that give off distinct signals.

“Instead of giving us a very broad, smooth spectrum they give us sharp fingerprints,” Shachaf said.

Shachaf’s team used the technology to detect two distinct cancer proteins simultaneously, but she said they have imaged as many as nine in the lab.

“What we’ve done is shown we can use these particles to detect specific proteins in a single cell,” She said.

Shachaf said the team hopes eventually to be able to image as many as 100 distinct features inside a cell.

“The goal of this is to outdo current technology,” she said.

(Editing by Maggie Fox and Eric Beech)

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New imaging tool could improve cancer diagnosis

April 15, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

CHICAGO (Reuters) – A new imaging technique that uses tiny, dye-containing particles to “fingerprint” proteins within a single cell may lead to better ways to diagnose and treat cancer, U.S. researchers said on Tuesday.

If the technique succeeds on a larger scale, it could improve the ability not only to diagnose cancers, but to determine how aggressive a tumor is and how likely it is to respond to therapy.

Shachaf said the effort is designed to give doctors a better look at the machinery inside a cell.

She said current cell imaging technology known as flow cytometry uses antibodies tagged with fluorescent dye to detect proteins, which light up as they flow through a beam of light.

But the images can become muddy if there are too many overlapping colors, limiting the number of proteins that can be imaged simultaneously to about 20.

Rather than simple fluorescent dyes, the Stanford team used special nanoparticle probes created by Intel Corp that give off distinct signals.

“Instead of giving us a very broad, smooth spectrum they give us sharp fingerprints,” Shachaf said.

Shachaf’s team used the technology to detect two distinct cancer proteins simultaneously, but she said they have imaged as many as nine in the lab.

“What we’ve done is shown we can use these particles to detect specific proteins in a single cell,” She said.

Shachaf said the team hopes eventually to be able to image as many as 100 distinct features inside a cell.

“The goal of this is to outdo current technology,” she said.

(Editing by Maggie Fox and Eric Beech)

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Gene that protects tumour suppressor in breast cancer identified

April 7, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, Apr 7 (ANI): In a novel study, researchers from The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Centre have identified a gene that protects PTEN, a major tumour-suppressor in breast cancer.

They have found that the gene known as Rak helps protect and regulate PTEN, which also is important in several other types of cancer.

“We’ve clearly discovered the missing link that explains how Rak can stabilize PTEN protein to prevent breast cancer development,” said lead author Shiaw-Yih Lin, Ph.D., an assistant professor in the Department of Systems Biology at M. D. Anderson.

“Our research explains why PTEN is defective in breast cancer and provides important clues for the development of effective therapy in Rak- or PTEN-defective breast cancers,” Lin added.

The severity of PTEN irregularities strongly correlates with the tumour stage and grade. For example, complete loss of PTEN expression is found more frequently in metastatic cancer than in primary tumours.

During the study, the researchers analyzed cells from 42 breast cancers.

They found Rak can stabilize PTEN protein and function as a tumour suppressor gene to prevent breast cancer development.

“To further assess whether Rak is a bona fide breast tumor suppressor gene, we sought to determine if loss of Rak expression would transform normal mammary epithelial cells,” Lin said.

“We injected control cells or cells in which Rak was compromised into the mammary glands of healthy mice and monitored tumour growth. Notably, all the mice injected with Rak-knockdown cells, but none of the mice injected with control cells, developed tumours,” Lin added.

The study appears in Cancer Cell. (ANI)

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Urine test may help detect cancer

April 5, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, Apr 5 (ANI): A researcher from Missouri University has devised a method of detecting cancer with the help of urine samples.

Dr. Yinfa Ma has developed a method for pre-cancer screening and hopes to be able to predict types of cancer as well as severity.

“Cancer is the second-highest cause of death among all diseases,” said Ma, a Curators’ Teaching Professor of chemistry at Missouri University of Science and Technology.

“Early diagnosis of cancer is crucial, but not many people want to go to the hospital to undergo costly, invasive cancer screening,” he added.

During the study, the researchers identified six pteridine derivatives, compounds that help regulate the metabolism of cells, in the urine samples.

The levels of some pteridines increased significantly if there is a tumour inside the body.

Ma also discovered a molecule, called oncopterin that exists in the urine of cancer patients but not in healthy human samples.

He said that the oncopterin level in urine indicates whether cancer is likely to develop, and varying levels of the six pteridines can actually provide a “fingerprint” of the type of cancer.

“I won’t give up. “I will continue to work on this project until we have succeeded and can market the instrument to save people’s lives,” he added. (ANI)

Filed Under: Science News Tagged With: cancer patients, cancer screening, Cause Of Death, curators, derivatives, detecting cancer, fingerprint, human samples, invasive cancer, metabolism, missouri university, molecule, pteridines, science and technology, tumour, type of cancer, types of cancer, university of science and technology, urine samples, urine test

Multiple sclerosis linked to lower cancer risk

April 1, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, Mar 31 (ANI): People with multiple sclerosis may be at a lower risk for cancer overall, but at a higher risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as brain tumours and bladder cancer, says a new study.

For the study, Shahram Bahmanyar, MD, PhD, of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, and colleagues looked at the medical records of 20,000 people with multiple sclerosis and 204,000 people without the diagnosis.

After 35 years, they found that the people with MS had a decreased overall risk of cancer by 10 percent compared to people who did not have the disease. The result was more pronounced in women.

However, for people with MS the risk for certain cancers, such as brain tumours and bladder and other urinary organ cancers, increased by up to 44 percent compared to people without MS.

Scientists also evaluated the parents of people with MS to determine whether there was a possible genetic link.

They found that there was no overall increased or decreased risk of cancer among either mothers or fathers of those with MS, compared to parents of people without MS.

“We speculate that the lower risk for cancer among people with MS could be a result of lifestyle changes or treatment following diagnosis,” said Bahmanyar.

“The increase in brain tumour diagnoses may be due to brain inflammation, but this finding may not reflect a real increase in cancer risk, as there is some evidence that more frequent neurological investigations in these patients mean that brain tumours are more likely to be found sooner.

“There may also be reasons related to the disease that could increase the risk for urinary organ cancers, resulting from chronic irritation to those organs as a result of MS.

“However, individual risk of developing urinary organ cancer is modest, as less than 0.2 percent of people with MS developed this cancer for every 10 years of follow-up,” Bahmanyar added.

Bahmanyar also found that people with MS have on average a lower body mass index (BMI) than the general population, and BMI is a risk factor for several types of cancer, so the lower body weight may explain some of the reduction in cancer risk.

It is also possible that some reduction in cancer risk results from the way the body responds to MS.

The study is published in the March 31, 2009, print issue of Neurology. (ANI)

Filed Under: Health News Tagged With: 35 years, bladder cancer, body mass index, brain inflammation, brain tumour, brain tumours., cancer risk, cancers, certain types of cancer, chronic irritation, genetic link, karolinska institute, lifestyle changes, md phd, medical records, ms scientists, multiple sclerosis, neurological investigations, organ cancer, types of cancer, urinary organ

Gene that suppresses skin cancer growth identified

March 30, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

London, March 30 (ANI): Scientists at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the U.S. have announced the discovery of a gene that suppresses tumour growth in melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer.

The finding was made as part of a systematic genetic analysis of a group of enzymes implicated in skin cancer, and many other types of cancer.

According to the analysis, one-quarter of human skin cancer tumours had mutations in genes that code for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes.

The researchers believe that their findings may pave the way for more individualized cancer treatment strategies, where MMP and other key enzymes play a functional role in tumour growth and spread of the disease.

They even say that their study may help understand why drugs designed to treat cancer by blocking MMP enzymes have not been very successful as yet.

During the current study, the team led by researchers from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) have found that MMP-8 actually serves as a tumour suppressor gene in melanoma, which is why may not be wise to block all MMPs in skin cancer patients with mutation in this gene.

The researchers say that a better approach may be to look for drugs that restore or increase MMP-8 function, or for drugs that block only those MMPs that are truly oncogenes-genes that encode proteins involved in normal cell growth.

“This research is an illustrative proof of concept that shows the value of genomic strategies for understanding cancer and possible therapies,” Nature magazine quoted Dr. Eric Green, NHGRI Scientific Director, as saying.

“It is gratifying to see that genomic technologies are guiding scientific discovery, advancing cancer research, especially melanoma research,” Green added.

While experimenting on mice, the researcher observed that when they injected the animals with cells expressing normal MMP-8, they would not develop skin ulcers.

However, when the mice were injected with cells expressing mutated MMP-8, they went on to develop ulcerations and metastases in their lungs.

A research article on the gene discovery has been published in the journal Nature Genetics. (ANI)

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