Teen smokers fail to recognize early signs of nicotine dependence

Washington, May 4 (ANI): Teens, who have just started smoking occasionally, do not recognize the early symptoms of dependence, according to a new study.

Led by Dr. Chyke Doubeni, of the University of Massachusetts, the study found that among kids who have started smoking, “an urge to smoke or being irritable because they are not able to smoke is a sign of early dependence. But they don”t seem to recognize that symptoms such as irritability are harbingers of addiction.”

“Previous studies have already shown that there is a strong correlation between symptoms of nicotine dependence and nicotine addiction. This study shows that adolescents who start smoking, don”t appear to recognize the early signs of dependence,” said Doubeni.

Other signs of early dependence that go unnoticed include experiencing a desire to smoke or craving for a cigarette.

The study concluded that non-daily use of tobacco could trigger any of these early signs of dependence.

Early dependence promotes increased smoking, which in turn accelerates additional signs of dependence, which leads to even higher frequencies of smoking.

Eventually, it leads to addiction.

The conclusions are based on a study that surveyed adolescent smokers every three to four months, over a four-year period from 2002-2006.

The study found that over those four years, of the 370 subjects who had inhaled from a cigarette, 62pct smoked at least once per month, 52pct experienced dependence symptoms, and 40pct went on to become daily smokers.

The study was published in the latest issue of Pediatrics. (ANI)

New cards for people on welfare restrictions

Welfare recipients who have their payments quarantined will not be able to spend the money unless they have a new card by the beginning of July.

Basics cards are being used among Indigenous welfare recipients in parts of the Northern Territory, Queensland’s Cape York and areas of Western and South Australia.

They can only be used at approved stores and cannot be used to purchase alcohol, pornography, tobacco, gambling products or gift vouchers.

The Federal Government is replacing the current basics cards with a new card which will have the recipient’s name printed on it.

Centrelink says the cards will start to be distributed to people from next week.

But recipients who do not have the new cards by July will not be able to spent their quarantined funds using their old basics card because it will no longer work.

Centrelink is confident all recipients will have new cards by that time.

Smugglers using kids as ‘carriers’ on Indo-Nepal border

Kolkata, Sep. 11 (ANI): Smugglers active along the porous Indo-Nepal border are now using children, as ‘carriers’ to smuggle goods like sugar and tobacco.

Hundreds of children, in the age group of six to years, are being hired by the mafia of smugglers to carry out this illegal trade along the Sunauli check point of Uttar Pradesh.

Reportedly, the reliance on children has been so successful in smuggling that the influence of such a modus operandi is even witnessed in West Bengal.

The chosen children are paid around rupees 200 per day for running the errands.

“I travel at least 10 times in a day. I carry five kilograms of sugar in one visit and I get 200 rupees. I also study. I live in Jogiabadi,” said Akhil.

Shree Chand Gupta, President, Indo-Nepal Friendship Organisation contended that it is the poverty stricken parents who are persuading their children.

He added that this trends can turn out to be heinous in the long run if not checked at the right time.

“Today they are carrying sugar but tomorrow they can also smuggle arms and ammunitions on the other side and can work as traitors. Hence officers of both the countries should take a note of this crime as it can also cause a serious threat to the society,” said Gupta.

Physically challenged persons and aged women are also becoming soft targets for smugglers, as they don’t have any regular source of income.

Awareness campaigns in the border villages and schools can put a stop to the malpractice.

“Above all, the customs and the security personnel manning the transit points along the India-Nepal border need to pull up their socks,” Gupta points out. (ANI)

Exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke linked to liver disease

Washington, September 11 (ANI): People can develop liver disease even when they are exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke, according to a study.

Scientists at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) have found that exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke can lead to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a common disease and rising cause of chronic liver injury wherein fat accumulates in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol.

For their study, the researchers exposed some mice to second-hand cigarette smoke for a year in the lab, and observed fat build-up in their liver cells, a sign of NAFLD that eventually leads to liver dysfunction.

The researchers focused on two key regulators of lipid (fat) metabolism that are found in many human cells as well: SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein) that stimulates synthesis of fatty acids in the liver, and AMPK (adenosine monophosphate kinase) that turns SREBP on and off.

They found that second-hand smoke exposure inhibits AMPK activity, which, in turn, causes an increase in activity of SREBP.

More active SREBP results in more fatty acids getting synthesized, they say.

The result is NAFLD induced by second-hand smoke, according to the researchers.

“Our study provides compelling experimental evidence in support of tobacco smoke exposure playing a major role in NAFLD development,” said Manuela Martins-Green, a professor of cell biology, who led the study.

“Our work points to SREBP and AMPK as new molecular targets for drug therapy that can reverse NAFLD development resulting from second-hand smoke. Drugs could now be developed that stimulate AMPK activity, and thereby inhibit SREBP, leading to reduced fatty acid production in the liver,” Martins-Green added.

A research article describing the study has been published in the Journal of Hepatology. (ANI)

Nicotine plays “tricks” on the brain

Washington, Sept 10 (ANI): Nicotine, the addictive component in cigarettes, “tricks” the brain into creating memory associations between environmental cues and smoking behavior, say researchers at Baylor College of Medicine.

The study has been published in the journal Neuron.

“Our brains normally make these associations between things that support our existence and environmental cues so that we conduct behaviors leading to successful lives. The brain sends a reward signal when we act in a way that contributes to our well being,” said Dr. John A. Dani, professor of neuroscience at BCM and co-author of the study.

“However, nicotine commandeers this subconscious learning process in the brain so we begin to behave as though smoking is a positive action,” the expert added.

Dani said that environmental events linked with smoking can become cues that prompt the smoking urge. Those cues could include alcohol, a meal with friends, or even the drive home from work.

To understand why the associations are so strong, Dani and Dr. Jianrong Tang, instructor of neuroscience at BCM and co-author of the report, decided to record brain activity of mice as they were exposed to nicotine, the addictive component of tobacco.

The mice were allowed to roam through an apparatus with two separate compartments. In one compartment, they received nicotine. In the other, they got a benign saline solution. Later, the researchers recorded how long the mice spent in each compartment. They also recorded brain activity within the hippocampus, an area of the brain that creates new memories.

“The brain activity change was just amazing. Compared to injections of saline, nicotine strengthened neuronal connections – sometimes up to 200 percent. This strengthening of connections underlies new memory formation,” Dani said.

Consequently, mice learned to spent more time in the compartment where the nicotine was administered compared to the one where saline was given to them.

“We found that nicotine could strengthen neuronal synaptic connections only when the so called reward centers sent a dopamine signal. That was a critical process in creating the memory associations even with bad behavior like smoking,” the expert said. (ANI)

How addictive drugs influence learning and memory

Washington, Sep 10 (ANI): In a new study on mice, researchers have found why and how the use of addictive drugs take control of reward signals and influence neural processes associated with learning and memory.

The study could help explain how drug-associated memories, such as the place of drug use, drive and perpetuate the addiction.

It is known that the neurochemical dopamine, a key player in the brain’s reward system, is involved in the process of addiction.

Research has indicated that dopamine participates in neural processes associated with learning, such as the strengthening of neuronal connections, called synaptic potentiation.

Evidence has also implicated the hippocampus, a deep-brain structure that is critical for formation of new memories, in the development of drug addiction.

“Although addictive drugs like nicotine have been shown to influence the induction of synaptic potentiation, there has been little or no research in freely moving animals that monitors ongoing induction of synaptic potentiation by a biologically relevant drug dose,” explains senior author Dr. John Dani from the Department of Neuroscience at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas.

The researchers recorded from the brains of freely moving mice while applying physiologically relevant concentrations of nicotine, the addictive component in tobacco.

The researchers found that nicotine induced synaptic potentiation correlated with the mice learning to prefer a place associated with the nicotine dose.

Importantly, these effects required a local dopamine signal within the hippocampus.

The finding reinforces the view that dopamine enables memory for specific events.

Overall, the results point to some intriguing possibilities about how drug-associated memories might contribute to behaviors associated with addiction.

“An animal’s memories or feelings about the environment are updated when the dopamine signal labels a particular event as important, new, and salient. Normally these memories help us to perform successful behaviors, but in our study, those memories were linked to the addictive drug.

When specific environmental events occur, such as the place or people associated with drug use, they are capable of cuing drug-associated memories or feelings that motivate continued drug use or relapse,” concluded Dani.

The study has been published in the latest issue of the journal Neuron. (ANI)

Need to prevent periodontitis to cut head and neck cancer risk

Washington, Sep 8 (ANI): Researchers at the University of Buffalo have stressed on the need for increased efforts to prevent and treat chronic periodontitis, a form of gum disease, to reduce the risk for head and neck cancer.

Led by Dr. Mine Tezal at Buffalo, periodontitis is an independent risk factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

“Prevent periodontitis; if you have it already, get treatment and maintain good oral hygiene,” said Tezal.

Chronic periodontitis is characterized by progressive loss of the bone and soft tissue attachment that surround the teeth.

The researchers assessed the role of chronic periodontitis on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, as well as the individual roles on three subsites: oral cavity, oropharyngeal and laryngeal.

They used radiographic measurement of bone loss to measure periodontitis among 463 patients, 207 of whom were controls.

The results of the study revealed that chronic periodontitis might represent a clinical high-risk profile for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

The strength of the association was greatest in the oral cavity, followed by the oropharynx and larynx, according to Tezal.

When they stratified the relationship by tobacco use, they found that the association persisted in those patients who never used tobacco.

The researchers did not expect the periodontitis-head and neck squamous cell carcinoma association to be weaker in current smokers compared to former and never smokers, according to Tezal.

However, this interaction, although statistically significant, was not very strong.

“Confirmatory studies with more comprehensive assessment of smoking, such as duration, quantity and patterns of use, as well as smokeless tobacco history are needed,” said Tezal.

“Our study also suggests that chronic periodontitis may be associated with poorly differentiated tumor status in the oral cavity. Continuous stimulation of cellular proliferation by chronic inflammation may be responsible for this histological type. However, grading is subjective and we only observed this association in the oral cavity. Therefore, this association may be due to chance and needs further exploration,” she added.

Andrew Olshan, Ph.D., said these results lend further support to the potential importance of poor oral health in this form of cancer.

Olshan said, “Although the study is comparatively small, the researchers were able to also see an association between bone loss and the risk of head and neck cancer.”

The results of the study have been published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. (ANI)

Men and women smokers equally face risk of death from tobacco

Washington, Sep 1 (ANI): With the number of women smokers rising day-by-day, researchers have warned that about a quarter of both men and women, who smoke throughout adult life, may die due to tobacco before getting old.

They said that smoking still kills more men than women, as men started smoking substantial numbers of cigarettes long before women did.

However, as a large number of men have now quit, male death rates from smoking are decreasing in many European countries, where female death rates from smoking are still increasing.

Taking men and women together, smoking causes about 0.7 million deaths per year in the 27 countries of the present European Union, including 0.3 million deaths per year before age 70 (more than one of five of all deaths before age 70).

Those killed by tobacco before age 70 lose, on average, about 23 years of life (and those killed by tobacco at older ages lose, on average, about 8 years).

“In Western Europe tobacco causes more premature deaths than anything else does, and among both men and women about a quarter of those who smoke throughout adult life will be killed by tobacco before they are old, unless they can manage to stop smoking,” said Sir Richard Peto, professor of medical statistics at the University of Oxford, UK. (ANI)

Swedish snuff doesn’t increase multiple sclerosis risk

Washington, Sept 1 (ANI): Unlike cigarettes, Swedish snuff doesn’t increase a person’s risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS), finds a new study.

“While tobacco cigarettes increased a person’s risk of developing MS, our research found that using Swedish snuff was not associated with an elevated risk for MS,” said study author Dr Anna Hedstrom, of the Swedish medical university Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm.

“These results could mean that nicotine is not the substance responsible for the increased risk of MS among smokers,” she added.

During the study, the researchers examined 902 people diagnosed with MS and 1,855 people without MS in Sweden between the ages of 16 and 70.

It showed that in women who smoked, the risk for developing MS was nearly one and a half times higher than in women who did not smoke.

In men, the risk was nearly two times higher in those who smoked compared to those who did not smoke.

This was the case even in people who only smoked moderately.

However, those who used Swedish snuff for more than 15 years were 70 percent less likely to develop MS than those who had never used any type of tobacco.

There was no significant effect of snuff-taking for less than 15 years, a period during which other adverse consequences of taking snuff, including head-and-neck cancer, would become evident.

“Taking snuff, however, may have other harmful effects, and our findings should not be interpreted to mean that Swedish snuff is recommended to prevent disease,” said Hedstrom.

“More research is needed to better understand the mechanisms behind the findings.

“Theories are that smoking may raise the risk of MS by increasing the frequency and persistence of respiratory infections, or by causing autoimmune reactions in genetically susceptible people,” she added.

The study appears in journal Neurology(r), the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology. (ANI)

By 2015, 2 million people would die annually from tobacco-induced cancers

Washington, Aug 26 (ANI): By 2015, at least 2.1 million people will die each year because of tobacco-induced cancers, revealed The Tobacco Atlas, Third Edition.

Published by the American Cancer Society and World Lung Foundation, the Atlas has estimated that tobacco use kills some six million people each year (more than a third of whom will die from cancer), and drains 500 billion dollars annually from global economies.

The Atlas graphically displays how tobacco is devastating both global health and economies, especially in middle- and low-resource countries, and tracks progress and outcomes in tobacco control.

Not only the death toll due to tobacco-induced cancers will go around 2 million by 2015, the Atlas predicted that by 2030, 83 percent of these deaths will occur in low and middle-income countries.

However, unlike other cancer-causing agents, the danger of tobacco is completely preventable through proven public policies.

Major measures include tobacco taxes, advertising bans, smokefree public places, and effective health warnings on packages.

These cost-effective policies are among those included in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), a global treaty endorsed by more than 160 countries, and recommended by the World Health Organization MPOWER policy package.

The Atlas revealed that the global economy lost a staggering 500 billion dollars due to tobacco use.

These economic costs come as a result of lost productivity, misused resources, missed opportunities for taxation, and premature death.

The Atlas revealed that in 2006, about 600 billion smuggled cigarettes made it to the market, representing an enormous missed tax opportunity for governments, as well as a missed opportunity to prevent many people from starting to smoke and encourage others to quit.

Tobacco replaces potential food production on almost 4 million hectares of the world’s agricultural land, equal to all of the world’s orange groves or banana plantations.

In developing countries, smokers spend disproportionate sums of money relative to their incomes that could otherwise be spent on food, healthcare, and other necessities.

The Tobacco Atlas established an undeniable trend-the tobacco industry has shifted its marketing and sales efforts to countries that have less effective public health policies and fewer tobacco control resources in place:

It predicted that in 2010, 72 percent of those who die from tobacco related illnesses would be in low- and middle-income countries.

It revealed that since 1960 global tobacco production has increased three-fold in low- and middle-resource countries while halving in high-resource countries.

“The Tobacco Atlas is crucial to helping advocates in every nation get the knowledge they need to combat the most preventable global health epidemic,” said Dr. John R. Seffrin, chief executive officer, American Cancer Society.

The Tobacco Atlas was unveiled at the LIVESTRONG Global Cancer Summit. (ANI)

Malawi kids ‘taking in 50 ciggies a day’

London, August 25 (ANI): Thousands of kids in Malawi are taking in 50 cigarettes worth of nicotine a day due to their employment as child labourers on the country’s tobacco fields, warns an organisation.

According to a study by Plan, the kids showed an array of nicotine poisoning symptoms, such as severe headaches, abdominal pain, muscle weakness and breathlessness.

California university medical professor Neal Benowitz explained nicotine poisoning, also called Green Tobacco Sickness, was more severe in youngsters due to their underdeveloped tolerance level against smoking as compared to adults.

“The brain of a child or adolescent is particularly vulnerable to long-lasting adverse neurobehavioral effects of nicotine exposure,” Sky News quoted Benowitz as saying.

The report said: “Child labourers, some as young as five, are suffering severe physical symptoms from absorbing up to 54mg a day of dissolved nicotine through their skin – the equivalent of 50 average cigarettes.”

Plan also revealed that some of the kids toiled up to 12 hours a day, without protective clothing and were paid less than the equivalent of 1p an hour.

The study further pointed towards a lack of research into the long-term effects of Green Tobacco Sickness in kids, but “experts believe that it could seriously impair their development”. (ANI)

Smoking mums-to-be putting future generations at increased health risk

Washington, Aug 25 (ANI): Mums-to-be who smoke are not only putting their unborn child at increased health risk but future generations also, according to a new study.

Researchers at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC) has found that the life-long effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy may occur through specific changes in DNA patterns.

They showed that children exposed in the womb to maternal smoking had differences in DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism in which small chemical compounds are added to DNA.

“This study provides some of the first evidence that in utero environmental exposures such as tobacco smoke may be associated with epigenetic changes,” said one of the lead authors Carrie Breton, Sc.D., assistant professor in the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health at the Keck School of Medicine of USC.

“This could open up a new way for researchers to investigate biological mechanisms that might explain known health effects associated with maternal smoking,” she added.

Prenatal exposure to smoke is associated with a number of health problems, including childhood asthma, cardiovascular disease, and lower pulmonary function later in life.

“Moms should not be smoking during pregnancy,” said Linda Birnbaum, Ph.D., the director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, a component of the National Institutes of Health that helped fund the USC study.

“Maternal smoking during pregnancy is not only detrimental to the health of the mom and the newborn child, but research such as this suggests that it may impact the child into adulthood and possibly even future generations as well,” she added.

The study appears in the September issue of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. (ANI)

Smoking may aggravate malnutrition in developing countries

Washington, August 24 (ANI): Smokers may exacerbate the problem of malnutrition in developing countries because they tend to finance their habit by dipping into the family food budget, say a pair of researchers.

Steven Block and Patrick Webb, of Tufts University, have revealed that their fidning is based on a study conducted in Java, Indonesia.

They say that their findings suggest that the costs of smoking in the developing world go well beyond the immediate health risks.

The researchers surveyed 33,000 households, most of which were poor, and found that the average family with at least one smoker spent 10 percent of its already tight budget on tobacco.

They observed that 68 percent of a smoking family’s budget went to food, and 22 percent for non-food, non-tobacco purchases.

On the other hand, said the researcher duo, the average non-smoking family spent 75 percent of its income on food, and 25 percent for non-food items.

“This suggests that 70 percent of the expenditures on tobacco products are financed by a reduction in food expenditures,” the researchers write.

They note in their report that that decreased spending on food appeared to have real nutritional consequences for children of smokers, with the study finding that smokers’ children tended to be slightly shorter for their ages than those of non-smokers.

The decrease in child nutrition associated with a parent who smokes is “an intuitive but rarely documented empirical finding,” the researchers write.

The team further pointed out that the poorer nutrition in smoking families came not only because they bought less food in total, but also because the food they ate tended to be of lower quality.

They said that, compared to non-smoking families, families with a smoker were found to spend a larger budget share on rice and a smaller share on meats, fruits and vegetables, which are nutrient-rich, but more expensive.

“The combination of direct health threats from smoking coupled with the potential loss of (food) consumption among children linked to tobacco expenditure presents a development challenge of the highest order,” the researchers conclude.

The study has been published in Economic Development and Cultural Change. (ANI)

Personality traits associated with chronic worrying can lead to early death

Washington, Aug 19 (ANI): Too much worry and stress can lead to early death, at least in part, as people are more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviours, such as smoking, say researchers.

In this study, the researchers from Purdue University looked at how smoking and heavy drinking are associated with the trait.

“Research shows that higher levels of neuroticism can lead to earlier mortality, and we wanted to know why,” said Daniel K. Mroczek, a professor of child development and family studies.

“We found that having worrying tendencies or being the kind of person who stresses easily is likely to lead to bad behaviours like smoking and, therefore, raise the mortality rate.

“This work is a reminder that high levels of some personality traits can be hazardous to one’s physical health,” he added.

Researchers suggest that a person with high neuroticism is likely to experience anxiety or depression and may self-medicate with tobacco, alcohol or drugs as a coping mechanism.

The study showed that smoking accounted for about 25 percent to 40 percent of the association between high neuroticism and mortality.

The other 60 percent is unexplained, however, it is possibly attributed to biological factors or other environmental issues that neurotic individuals experience, Mroczek added.

Mroczek said that a better understanding of the bridge between personality traits and physical health can perhaps help clinicians improve intervention and prevention programs.

“For example, programs that target people high in neuroticism may get bigger bang for the buck than more widespread outreach efforts,” he said.

“It also may be possible to use personality traits to identify people who, because of their predispositions, are at risk for engaging in poor health behaviors such as smoking or excessive drinking,” he added.

The findings are published in Journal of Research in Personality. (ANI)

Factory-rolled ciggies ‘better than roll-your-owns’

Wellington, July 5 (ANI): Smoking factory-rolled cigarettes is less harmful than smoking roll-your-owns, suggests a Christchurch-based study.

Dr Murray Laugesen, a public health specialist who led the study, after comparing the two types of cigarettes, found that smokers were inclined to suck rollies more intensively, more often and more efficiently.

“Roll-your-own smokers inhale more to get the most value from their cigarettes and don’t let so much be wasted, while smokers of factory-made cigarettes let a lot of their smoke drift into the air,” The NZPA quoted Dr Laugesen as saying.

The study, which compared 26 men who smoked rollies with 22 who smoked factory-rolled, discovered the former took 25 percent more puffs per cigarette and generally puffed for six seconds longer per cigarette.

Dr Laugesen also said the findings dismissed the belief that smoking rollies was safer because they used less tobacco, or had less additives, or because they used a filter.

He added: “Instead, we find that using less tobacco actually means more smoke inhaled. Roll-your-owns contain more additives than factory-made cigarettes, not less, and using less tobacco in the roll-your-own cigarette means more smoke is inhaled, not less.” (ANI)

Even tiny levels of carbon monoxide can damage fetal brain

Washington, June 26 (ANI): A new study has shown that exposure to even miniscule levels of carbon monoxide during pregnancy can have an adverse impact on fetal brain, resulting in permanent impairment.

“We expected the placenta to protect fetuses from the mother’s exposure to tiny amounts of carbon monoxide,” said John Edmond, professor emeritus of biological chemistry at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.

“But we found that not to be the case,” he added.

During the study, the researchers exposed pregnant rats to 25 parts per million carbon monoxide in the air, a level considered safe.

Dr. Ivan Lopez, UCLA associate professor of head and neck surgery, tested the rats’ litters 20 days after birth.

He found that rats born to animals who had inhaled the gas suffered chronic oxidative stress, a harmful condition caused by an excess of harmful free radicals or insufficient antioxidants.

“Oxidative stress damaged the baby rats’ brain cells, leading to a drop in proteins essential for proper function,” said Lopez.

“Oxidative stress is a risk factor linked to many disorders, including autism, cancer, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Lou Gehrig’s disease, multiple sclerosis and cardiovascular disease. We know that it exacerbates disease,” he added.

“We believe that the minute levels of carbon monoxide in the mother rats’ environment made their offspring more vulnerable to illness,” said Edmond.

“Our findings highlight the need for policy makers to re-examine the regulation of carbon monoxide,” the expert added.

Tobacco smoke, gas heaters, stoves and ovens all emit carbon monoxide, which can rise to high concentrations in well-insulated homes. Infants and children are particularly vulnerable to carbon monoxide exposure because they spend a great deal of time in the home.

The findings appear in journal BMC (BioMed Central) Neuroscience. (ANI)

Nicotine dependence remains steady despite decline in cigarette use

Washington, June 25 (ANI): Although the number of people taking up smoking has declined following rigorous efforts, nicotine dependence has remained steady among adults, according to a new study.

The research led by Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health researchers has shown that nicotine dependence has actually increased among some groups.

Previous studies have found that since the 1964 U.S. Surgeon General report, the number of people who smoke cigarettes has declined. The Mailman School of Public Health study takes this research a step further by distinguishing occasional smokers from heavy smokers.

“Regular, heavy cigarette use frequently characterizes nicotine dependence and is the pattern of use thought to be the most detrimental to health and longevity, but it has not been addressed in previous estimates of the decline in smoking prevalence,” said Dr Renee Goodwin, associate professor of Epidemiology at the Mailman School of Public Health and principal investigator of the study.

“Rather, earlier research mainly addressed tobacco use or cigarette smoking per se rather than examining the frequency and duration of cigarette use in detail,” she added.

The new study finds not only that the number of nicotine-addicted Americans has held steady over the past several decades, but also that the proportion of cigarette smokers who are addicted to nicotine nowadays is greater than in previous generations.

Dr. Goodwin suggests that fewer people are taking up smoking, perhaps because of anti-cigarette campaigns, leaving the ranks of current smokers filled with the nicotine dependent.

It is also thought that socioeconomic status is a factor in cigarette use. The current study finds that younger women living in poverty had the highest rates of nicotine dependence, compared with older generations, and those not living in poverty.

This suggests that despite increases in taxes and smoking costs, those most vulnerable are still heavily affected.

The study appears in American Journal of Public Health. (ANI)

Ex-smoker Obama confesses having occasional ciggies

New York, June 24 (ANI): US President Barack Obama has confessed that he constantly struggles giving up smoking and sometimes ‘messes up’ by giving into occasional cigarettes.

The popular leader, who has been trying to kick the habit completely, made the revelation at a White House news conference in between talks on health care reform, a new energy policy and a halt to Iranian repression of dissent.

“As a former smoker, I constantly struggle with it,” the New York Daily News quoted him as saying.

He added: “Have I fallen off the wagon sometimes? Yes. Am I a daily smoker, a constant smoker? No.”

Obama, who recently inked the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act on, further insisted he made it a point not to give in to his “weak moments” in front of his family.

He said: “I don’t do it in front of my kids. I don’t do it in front of my family. I would say that I am 95 percent cured. But there are times … where I mess up.” (ANI)

Bollywood actor promotes anti-tobacco awareness

New Delhi, May 30 (ANI): Debutant Bollywood actor Jackie Bhagnani is promoting anti-tobacco awareness ahead of ‘World No Tobacco Day’ in New Delhi.

Jackie who makes his acting debut with the film ‘Kal Kisne Dekha’ said that the celebrities should promote this cause.

“Realistically speaking to eradicate it (smoking) we need one hundred years but we can reduce it and it can happen if the people from the film industry or the sports field who are known if they appeal to the people. The affect will be much more than any other normal person saying it. So you can always try nothing is impossible slowly and slowly it can get less. We know in the cities people are not allowed to smoke in public places and I’m seeing lot of people following it,” said Bhagnani.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has chosen ‘Tobacco Health Warnings’ as this year’s theme for World No Tobacco Day to be observed on May 31 with an emphasis on the picture warnings at making people aware of the health risks of tobacco use and convincing them to quit.

More than 20 countries, including Britain, Iran, Peru and Malaysia, already use visual warnings on their tobacco products.

The WHO, which requires its entire staff to be non-smokers or to agree to try to quit, has been campaigning for more than two decades to discourage smoking and fight efforts by big companies such as Philip Morris International, Imperial Tobacco, Japan Tobacco and British American Tobacco to attract new customers.

Tobacco is the world’s leading preventable cause of death. According to WHO, tobacco has been claiming killing more than five million lives every year.

Around 80 percent of smokers live in developing countries, where smoking rates have risen sharply in recent years alongside a ramping-up of tobacco marketing and production in poorer states.

The WHO supports bans on tobacco marketing and sponsorship, prohibitions of smoking in public buildings, and high taxes on tobacco products. (ANI)

ITC net up 4.6 percent, crosses Rs.3,200 crore

Mumbai, May 22 (IANS) Tobacco, FMCG and hospitality major ITC saw its net profit for 2008-09 increase 4.6 percent to about Rs.3,264 crore from Rs.3,120 crore earned the previous fiscal.

The company’s turnover similarly registered a 10.5 percent growth during the year to Rs.16,844 crore from Rs.15,245.3 crore in 2007-08, it said in a regulatory statement Friday.

ITC’s FMCG and tobacco businesses grossed the highest net turnover at Rs.10,562.48 crore, while the hospitality segment notched a net revenue of Rs.935.45 crore in the year under review.

The net profit for the fourth quarter last fiscal was up 4.6 percent to Rs.808.9 crore from Rs.135.6 crore in the like period in 2007-9 despite a 2.8 percent decline in revenues during the period.

The company board has recommended a dividend of Rs.3.76 per equity share of Re.1 each.