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Simpsons’ Homer declares himself the new Messiah

May 20, 2010 By vani Leave a Comment

London, May 20 (ANI): In yet another controversial episode of the famous satirical cartoon show ‘The Simpsons’, Homer declares himself the new Messiah.

According to The Daily Star, the chubby cartoon legend believes he is the new “special one” after a vision. On a trip to Israel he sees disciples of God in the form of a cucumber, a carrot and a tomato., reports the Daily Star.

And he preaches to Christians, Muslims and Jews urging them to come together and pray for peace and chicken.

“Attention, Christian, Muslims and Jews.

“I have come to gather you into a new faith. From now on you shall be called Chris-mu-jews. Cos when you get down to it aren’t all religions the same? They tell you what to eat, when to pray.

“Celebrate your commonality – some of us don’t eat pork, some of us don’t eat shellfish, but all of us love chicken,” he says.

The episode, which features Borat star Sacha Baron Cohen, 38, also sees Homer falling asleep in the Holy Sepulchre and nearly getting arrested at the airport. (ANI)

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Aquaculture accounts for 50 percent of fish consumed globally

September 8, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, September 8 (ANI): A new report by an international team of researchers has determined that aquaculture, once a fledgling industry, now accounts for 50 percent of the fish consumed globally.

The findings are published in the Sept. 7 online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

“Aquaculture is set to reach a landmark in 2009, supplying half of the total fish and shellfish for human consumption,” according to the authors.

Between 1995 and 2007, global production of farmed fish nearly tripled in volume, in part because of rising consumer demand for long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.

Oily fish, such as salmon, are a major source of these omega-3s, which are effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, according to the National Institutes of Health.

“The huge expansion is being driven by demand,” said lead author Rosamond L. Naylor, a professor of environmental Earth system science at Stanford University and director of the Stanford Program on Food Security and the Environment.

“As long as we are a health-conscious population trying to get our most healthy oils from fish, we are going to be demanding more of aquaculture and putting a lot of pressure on marine fisheries to meet that need,” Naylor added.

To maximize growth and enhance flavor, aquaculture farms use large quantities of fishmeal and fish oil made from less valuable wild-caught species, including anchoveta and sardine.

“With the production of farmed fish eclipsing that of wild fish, another major transition is also underway: Aquaculture’s share of global fishmeal and fish oil consumption more than doubled over the past decade to 68 percent and 88 percent, respectively,” said the authors.

In 2006, aquaculture production was 51.7 million metric tons, and about 20 million metric tons of wild fish were harvested for the production of fishmeal.

“It can take up to 5 pounds of wild fish to produce 1 pound of salmon, and we eat a lot of salmon,” said Naylor, the William Wrigley Senior Fellow at Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment and Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies.

One way to make salmon farming more environmentally sustainable is to simply lower the amount of fish oil in the salmon’s diet.

According to the authors, a mere 4 percent reduction in fish oil would significantly reduce the amount of wild fish needed to produce 1 pound of salmon from 5 pounds to just 3.9 pounds. (ANI)

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58 percent of world’s seagrass meadows on the decline

June 30, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, June 30 (ANI): An international team of scientists has warned that accelerating losses of seagrasses across the globe threaten the immediate health and long-term sustainability of coastal ecosystems, with 58 percent of world’s seagrass meadows currently declining.

The assessment, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, shows an acceleration of annual seagrass loss from less than 1 percent per year before 1940 to 7 percent per year since 1990.

Based on more than 215 studies and 1,800 observations dating back to 1879, the assessment shows that seagrasses are disappearing at rates similar to coral reefs and tropical rainforests.

The team estimates that seagrasses have been disappearing at the rate of 110 square-kilometers (42.4 square-miles) per year since 1980 and cites two primary causes for the decline: direct impacts from coastal development and dredging activities, and indirect impacts of declining water quality.

“A recurring case of ‘coastal syndrome’ is causing the loss of seagrasses worldwide,” said co-author Dr. William Dennison of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science.

“The combination of growing urban centers, artificially hardened shorelines and declining natural resources has pushed coastal ecosystems out of balance. Globally, we lose a seagrass meadow the size of a soccer field every thirty minutes,” he added.

“While the loss of seagrasses in coastal ecosystems is daunting, the rate of this loss is even more so,” said co-author Dr. Robert Orth of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science of the College of William and Mary.

“With the loss of each meadow, we also lose the ecosystem services they provide to the fish and shellfish relying on these areas for nursery habitat,” he explained.

“The consequences of continuing losses also extend far beyond the areas where seagrasses grow, as they export energy in the form of biomass and animals to other ecosystems including marshes and coral reefs,” he added.

“With 45 percent of the world’s population living on the 5 percent of land adjacent to the coast, pressures on remaining coastal seagrass meadows are extremely intense,” said co-author Dr. Tim Carruthers of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science.

“As more and more people move to coastal areas, conditions only get tougher for seagrass meadows that remain,” he added.

Seagrasses profoundly influence the physical, chemical and biological environments of coastal waters.

A unique group of submerged flowering plants, seagrasses provide critical habitat for aquatic life, alter water flow and can help mitigate the impact of nutrient and sediment pollution. (ANI)

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Salmona, tuna ‘protects against age-related macular degeneration’

June 20, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, June 19 (ANI): Omega-3 fatty acids found in fatty fish such as tuna and salmon may help prevent age-related macular degeneration (AMD) progression, depending upon the stage of the disease, suggest researchers.

AMD is a progressive disease that attacks central vision, resulting in a gradual loss of eyesight and, in some cases, blindness

During the study, the research team from Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research (LNVR) and Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA) at Tufts University calculated the intakes of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) among 2,924 patients aged 55 to 80 years.

The findings revealed that taking supplements of antioxidants plus zinc prevents progression of late-stage AMD.

“In our study, we observed participants with early stages of AMD in the placebo group benefited from higher intake of DHA, but it appears that the high-dose supplements of the antioxidants and/or the minerals somehow interfered with the benefits of DHA against early AMD progression,” said senior author Dr Allen Taylor, director of the LNVR at the USDA HNRCA.

The antioxidant supplements did not seem to interfere with the protective effects of DHA and EPA against progression to advanced stages of AMD.

The study also showed that participants who consumed higher amounts of DHA and EPA appeared to have lower risk of progression to both wet and dry forms of advanced AMD.

“Data from the present study also shows the supplements and omega-3 fatty acids collaborate with low-dietary glycemic index (dGI) diets against progression to advanced AMD,” said corresponding author Chung-Jung Chiu, DDS, PhD, a scientist in the LNVR and an assistant professor at TUSM.

“Our previous research suggests a low-GI diet may prevent AMD from progressing to the advanced stage,” Chiu added.

The researchers suggest that eating two to three servings of fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, mackerel, shellfish, and herring every week would achieve the recommended daily intake of DHA and EPA, however, further research is required to conclude dietary recommendations for people with AMD.

The study appears in the British Journal of Ophthalmology. (ANI)

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Shellfish threatened by rising levels of CO2

May 27, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, May 27 (ANI): In a new research, scientists have discovered that shellfish are threatened from rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) that contribute to the acidification of open ocean.

The research was done by Smithsonian scientists, led by Whitman Miller, ecologist at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland.

For shellfish and other organisms that have calcium carbonate shells and structures, the problem begins when atmospheric CO2 dissolves in seawater and creates carbonic acid that is then rapidly transformed into carbonate and bicarbonate ions in the water.

Increased acidity tips the balance toward bicarbonate formation and away from carbonate.

Less carbonate in the water means that shellfish have fewer building blocks to generate their shells. If the water is acidic enough, shells can even begin to dissolve.

“Estuarine and coastal ecosystems may be especially vulnerable to changes in water chemistry caused by elevated CO2 because their relative shallowness, reduced salinity and lower alkalinity makes them inherently less buffered to changes in pH than in the open ocean,” said Miller.

For many calcifying organisms, CO2-induced acidification poses a serious challenge because these organisms may experience reduced rates of growth and calcification that “when combined with other environmental stresses, could spell disaster,” he added.

In Miller’s study, the larvae of Eastern oysters and Suminoe oysters were cultured in estuarine water that was held at four separate CO2 concentrations, reflecting atmospheric conditions from the pre-industrial era, the present, and those predicted in the coming 50 and 100 years.

To test the effects of acidification, Miller monitored their growth and measured the amounts of calcium carbonate deposited in larval shells over the course of one month.

Miller and his team found that Eastern oysters experienced a 16 percent decrease in shell area and a 42 percent reduction in calcium content when specimens in the pre-industrial CO2 treatment were compared with those exposed to the levels predicted for the year 2100.

The results reported suggest that the impacts of acidification may be tied to a species’ unique evolutionary history and environmental setting, implying that predictions may be more complex than previously thought.

“In the Chesapeake Bay, oysters are barely holding on, where disease and overfishing have nearly wiped them out,” said Miller.
Whether acidification will push Eastern oysters, and the many species that depend on them, beyond a critical tipping point remains to be seen,” he added. (ANI)

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Marine habitat loss causing sharp decline in shellfish populations

May 22, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

London, May 22 (ANI): A new study has suggested that marine habitat loss is causing a decline in shellfish populations, which is having an adverse knock-on effect on sensitive ecosystems.

According to a report by BBC News, the study, described as the first global assessment of its kind, warns that 85 percent of the world’s oyster reefs have already been lost.

It blames poor fishing practices and coastal developments for the declines.

The report showed that oyster reefs were the most severely impacted marine habitats on the planet, said lead author Mike Beck.

“We’re seeing an unprecedented and alarming decline in the condition of oyster reefs, a critically important habitat in the world’s bays and estuaries,” he said.

The study, written by scientists based in five continents, found reefs that were “functionally extinct” in a number of regions, including North America, Europe and Australia.

“However, realistic and cost effective solutions within conservation and coastal restoration programmes, along with policy and reef management programmes provide hope for the survival of shellfish,” Dr Beck said.

Oysters provide a number of key services within their ecosystems, such as filtering water, and provide food for other organisms, such as fish, crabs and birds.

The assessment identified a number of “driving forces” behind the reefs’ decline, including “destructive fishing practices, coastal overdevelopment, poorly managed agriculture and poor water quality”.

Although these problems have been around for decades, the report said that there were two main barriers that were impeding oyster recovery efforts.

The first was a lack of awareness that shellfish habitats were in trouble, and the second was an assumption that non-native shellfish can be introduced in areas where native species are declining.

“We want to raise awareness that the world’s remnant oyster reefs and populations are important, since they represent some of the last examples of reef habitats produced by a particular species of oyster,” explained co-author Dr Christine Crawford, from the University of Tasmania.

“We have an opportunity to conserve such reefs in Australia and elsewhere with the results of this assessment,” she added.

Among the report’s recommendations were to elevate native, wild oysters as a priority species for conservation, and ensuring existing protection policies were extended to include the vulnerable reefs. (ANI)

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Tsunami hit New York City 2,300 years ago

May 4, 2009 By admin 1 Comment

London, May 4 (ANI): Scientists have come up with a scenario that suggests a huge tsunami crashed into the New York City region 2,300 years ago, dumping sediment and shells across Long Island and New Jersey and casting wood debris far up the Hudson River.

According to a report by BBC News, Steven Goodbred, an Earth scientist at Vanderbilt University, said that it may have been a large storm, but evidence is increasingly pointing to a rare Atlantic Ocean tsunami.

He said that large gravel, marine fossils and other unusual deposits found in sediment cores across the area date to 2,300 years ago.

The size and distribution of material would require a high velocity wave and strong currents to move it, and it is unlikely that short bursts produced in a storm would suffice, he explained.

“If we’re wrong, it was one heck of a storm,” said Goodbred.

According to Goodbred, the New York wave was on the Grand Banks scale – three to four metres high and big enough to leap over the barrier islands; but that it did not reach the magnitude of the 2004 Sumatran tsunami.

He first proposed the link between the layers of unusual debris found in sediment cores and a tsunami while studying shellfish populations in Great South Bay, Long Island.

He extracted many mud cores with incongruous 20cm layers of sand and gravel.

Their age matched that of wood deposits buried in the Hudson riverbed and marine fossils in a New Jersey debris flow in cores gathered by other researchers.

“The fist-sized gravel he found in Long Island would require a high velocity of water – well over a metre per second – to land where it did,” said Goodbred.

Among the fossils and shells sandwiched in the organic black mud of Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey, Marine Geologist Cecilia McHugh of Queens College, City University of New York, discovered mud balls made from red clay that matched iron-rich sediments found onshore.

“The balls form their spherical shape only through vigorous reworking, and they do not form in small storms,” said Dr McHugh.

“I didn’t think much about it until we dated the deposit and came up with the same date that Steve did on Long Island,” she said.

According to Driscoll, to rule out the possibility of a severe storm, tsunami groups should collect more core samples to see whether the distribution of the debris is consistent. (ANI)

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Toxin in algal blooms sink to ocean floor to poison marine life

March 23, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

London, March 23 (ANI): A new research has suggested that the toxin in algal blooms can sink to the ocean floor, where it persists for weeks, poisoning marine life.

According to a report in New Scientist, the research, by researchers from the University of South Carolina, suggests that far from degrading soon after the bloom, the neurotoxin that causes shellfish poisoning, domoic acid, sinks to the ocean floor and could poison marine mammals, birds and humans.

“The first signs of an algal bloom are often birds washing up on the shore or seals acting funny, aggressive and twitching, looking as if they were drunk,” said Claudia Benitez-Nelson of the University of South Carolina.

“We used to think that once the bloom died, the danger was over, but now it turns out that domoic acid is a ‘gift’ that just keeps on giving,” she added.

Benitez-Nelson’s team are the first to look for the chemical in algae particles sinking through the ocean, as well as in sediment samples on the ocean floor, up to 800 metres down.

They found copious amounts of the neurotoxin, reaching concentrations eight times the US federal limit for the substance in shellfish.

The team also compared the peak of domoic acid levels from the sediment with those of algae blooms at the surfaces.

Their findings indicate that the toxin reaches the bottom of the ocean in only three days but stays there for much longer – at least several weeks.

The speedy trip to the bottom is probably driven by dead algae clumping together at the surface to form heavier aggregates, a process that also protects the toxin from degradation, according to the team.

Domoic acid gets broken down easily in water and by sunlight, but once the clumped algae are buried in the sediment, the toxin may stay protected until a bottom-dwelling organism eats it.

According to Raphael Kudela at the University of Santa Cruz in California, the new work is the missing link to explain why domoic acid also shows up in bottom-dwelling organisms like crabs and flatfish.

To Benitez-Nelson, the most important next step now is to work out in more detail how much longer the domoic acid sticks around and into how many more organisms it gets.

“It is clearly a lot more prevalent and spread out than we thought before and this problem affects many areas, not just California. On top of this, all signs seem to point to further increases in the future as people dump more and more algae feeding nutrients into the ocean,” she said. (ANI)

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Global warming would lead to expansion of ‘dead zones’ in oceans

January 26, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, Jan 26 (ANI): A team of Danish researchers has shown that unchecked global warming would lead to a dramatic expansion of low-oxygen areas zones, or ‘dead zones’, in the global ocean by a factor of 10 or more.

Dead zones are low-oxygen areas in the ocean where higher life forms such as fish, crabs and clams are not able to live.

In shallow coastal regions, these zones can be caused by runoff of excess fertilizers from farming.

Whereas some coastal dead zones could be recovered by control of fertilizer usage, expanded low-oxygen areas caused by global warming will remain for thousands of years to come, adversely affecting fisheries and ocean ecosystems far into the future.

According to Professor Gary Shaffer of the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, who is the leader of the research team at the Danish Center for Earth System Science (DCESS), “Such expansion would lead to increased frequency and severity of fish and shellfish mortality events, for example off the west coasts of the continents like off Oregon and Chile.”

Together with senior scientists Steffen Olsen oceanographer at Danish Meteorological Institute and Jens Olaf Pepke Pedersen, physicist at National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Professor Shaffer has performed projections with the newly-developed DCESS Earth System Model, projections that extend 100,000 years into the future.

“If, as in many climate model simulations, the overturning circulation of the ocean would greatly weaken in response to global warming, these oxygen minimum zones would expand much more still and invade the deep ocean,” he added.

Extreme events of ocean oxygen depletion leading to anoxia are thought to be prime candidates for explaining some of the large extinction events in Earth history including the largest such event at the end of the Permian 250 million years ago.

Furthermore, as sub-toxic zones expand, essential nutrients are stripped from the ocean by the process of denitrification.

This in turn would shift biological production in the lighted surface layers of the ocean toward plankton species that are able to fix free dissolved nitrogen.

This would then lead to large, unpredictable changes in ocean ecosystem structure and productivity, on top of other large unpredictable changes to be expected from ocean acidification.

According to Professor Shaffer, “The future of the ocean as a large food reserve would be more uncertain. Reduced fossil fuel emissions are needed over the next few generations to limit ongoing ocean oxygen depletion and acidification and their long-term adverse effects.” (ANI)

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