Kotura Team Creates World`s FirstWDM Compatible Silicon Photonics Detector Operating at Speeds Exceeding 32 GHz

MONTEREY PARK, Calif.–(Business Wire)–
Kotura, Inc., a leading provider of Silicon Photonics products, today announced
that it has demonstrated a high-speed horizontal p-i-n germanium photo detector
integrated with silicon waveguides on a single chip.

“The previous research has focused on vertical detectors within sub-micron scale
waveguides to achieve high speed operation. These typically exhibit high loss
and are hard to integrate with waveguide geometries needed for other
functionalities such as WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) multiplexer and
de-multiplexer devices,” reported Mehdi Asghari, Chief Technical Officer of
Kotura. “Our invention of a horizontal junction detector does away with
conventional designs and creates a new structure that supports high speed
operation and yet is compatible with a variety of waveguide heights including
the larger waveguides needed for high performance WDM operation. These
structures allow standard silicon processing techniques to be used to couple
waveguides and photo-detectors on the same chip with extremely low loss and high
performance. We have demonstrated devices with more than 32 GHz optical
bandwidth @1V bias, a responsivity of 1.1 A/W, a dark current <300nA and a fiber
coupling loss of less than 1.2dB.”

“A low-loss, high-speed, easy-to-manufacture detector is a key component for
optical interconnects. When we evaluated these devices we were impressed by
their performance,” commented Dr. Ashok Krishnamoorthy, Principal Investigator
on this project at Sun Labs, Oracle America, Inc. “This horizontal junction
detector is a huge improvement for several reasons, not the least among which is
that it can be readily coupled to single-mode fiber. This opens the door for
wavelength-multiplexed silicon-based optical interconnects that will reduce the
complexity of connectors and cabling in high-performance systems.”

“Now we can easily integrate WDM and detection functionality into one chip,”
added Mehdi Asghari, CTO of Kotura. “A single silicon photonics device that can
take a single input stream of light with 100 WDM channels, demultiplex the
wavelengths and route each wavelength to its own detector. We can envision
integrating 100 receiver channels, each operating at 40 Gb/s, on a single chip.”

The Kotura`s horizontal detector was developed as part of the Defense Advanced
Research Project Agency`s Ultra-performance Nano-photonic Intrachip
Communications (UNIC) program in conjunction with Oracle America, Inc., under
the leadership of Dr. Jagdeep Shah, DARPA Program Manager. An article,
“High-speed Ge photo-detector monolithically integrated with large cross-section
silicon-on-insulator waveguide,” by Dazeng Feng et al. was recently published in
Applied Physics Letters.

About Kotura, Inc.

Kotura, Inc., a worldwide leader in Silicon Photonics, designs, manufactures and
markets a portfolio of application-specific silicon photonics products for the
communications, computing, sensing, and detection markets. An ISO 9001:2000
certified company, Kotura has been in mass production of silicon photonics
components for more than four years. Kotura is an active participant in the IEEE
802.3ba 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s Ethernet Standards Committee, the Video Electronics
Standards Association (VESA) and the Silicon Photonics Alliance, the first
formal Community of Interest with the Optoelectronics Industry Development
Association (OIDA).

Kotura, Inc.
Arlon Martin
Phone: 626-236-4500
Fax: 626-236-4501
E-mail: amartin@kotura.com

Copyright Business Wire 2010

Fathers experience prenatal, postpartum depression too

Washington, May 19 (ANI): A an analysis of previous research has revealed that about 10 percent of fathers experience prenatal or postpartum depression, with rates being highest in the 3 to 6 month postpartum period.

Maternal prenatal and postpartum depression is a well accepted phenomena, but the prevalence, risk factors and effects of depression among new fathers is not well understood, and has received little attention from researchers and clinicians, according to background information in the article.

James F. Paulson, of the East­ern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Va., and co-author Sharnail D. Bazemore, M.S., of the East­ern Virginia Medical School conducted a study that documented depression in fathers between the first trimester and the first postpartum year, and identified 43 studies involving 28,004 participants for inclusion in the analysis.

They found that the overall estimate of paternal depression was 10.4 percent, and that there was considerable variability between different time periods, with the 3- to 6-month postpartum period showing the highest rate (25.6 percent) and the first 3 postpartum months showing the lowest rate (7.7 percent).

They also found higher rates of prenatal and postpartum depression reported in the United States (14.1 percent vs. 8.2 percent internationally).

The study suggests that not only does early paternal depression have substantial emotional, behavioural, and developmental effects on children, but also that depression in one parent should prompt clinical attention to the other.

“Future research in this area should focus on parents together to examine the onset and joint course of depres­sion in new parents. This may in­crease our capacity for early identification of parental depression, add leverage for prevention and treat­ment, and increase the understanding of how parental depression conveys risk to infants and young children.”

The study appears in the May 19 issue of JAMA. (ANI)

Stem cells have GPS to generate proper nerve cells

Washington, May 12 (ANI): Swedish researchers have discovered an unknown GPS function that regulates how stem cells produce different types of cells in different parts of the nervous system.

The discovery by Stefan Thor, professor of Developmental Biology, and graduate students Daniel Karlsson and Magnus Baumgardt, at Linköping University in Sweden, could improve our understanding of how stem cells work, which is crucial for our ability to use stem cells to treat and repair organs.

Stem cells are responsible for the creation of all cells in an organism during development.

Previous research has shown that stem cells give rise to different types of cells in different parts of the nervous system.

This process is partly regulated by the so-called Hox genes, which are active in various parts of the body and work to give each piece its unique regional identity – a kind of GPS system of the body.

But the researchers don’t know how does a stem cell know that it is in a certain region and how does it read the body”s “GPS” signals.

The scientists also wanted to find out how this information is used to control the creation of specific nerve cells.

Thus, the researchers studied a specific stem cell in the nervous system of the fruit fly.

It is present in all segments of the nervous system, but it is only in the thorax, or chest region, that it produces a certain type of nerve cell.

To investigate why this cell type is not created in the stomach or head region they manipulated the Hox genes” activity in the fly embryo.

It turned out that the Hox genes in the stomach region stop stem cells from splitting before the specific cells are produced.

On the other hand, the specific nerve cells are actually produced in the head region, but the Hox genes turn them into another, unknown, type of cell.

Hox genes can thus exert their influence both on the genes that control stem cell division behaviour and on the genes that control the type of nerve cells that are created.

“We constantly find new regulating mechanisms, and it is probably more difficult than previously thought to routinely use stem cells in treating diseases and repairing organs, especially in the nervous system”, said Thor.

The findings are publishing in the online, open-access journal PLoS Biology. (ANI)

Power of touch helps paternal mice to bond with offspring

London, May 11 (ANI): Scientists have shown that paternal mice bond with their offspring through the power of touch.

In the study, it was shown that paternal mice that physically interact with their babies grow new brain cells and form lasting memories of their babies.

The researchers found that when paternal mice interact with their newborn babies, new brain cells develop in the olfactory bulb, the part of the brain responsible for sense of smell, and in the hippocampus, which is responsible for memory.

Weeks after the fathers are separated from their babies they still demonstrate that bond and are able to distinguish their offspring from unrelated mice.

If fathers are prevented from physical interactions with their babies, no new neurons or memories are formed and they cannot recognize their offspring.

Previous research has shown that adult humans also have the capacity to generate new brain cells in the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus and that human fathers exhibit more affection and attachment and fewer ignoring behaviours toward children whose smell they can identify.

“What we have found has implications for long-term mental health. Our work shows that social interactions foster healthy brains and healthy brains foster positive social interactions, demonstrating a positive feedback loop. Our findings support the idea that physical interactions between fathers and their offspring may be a critical component for developing healthy relationships and a healthy society,” said neuroscientist Samuel Weiss, director of the Hotchkiss Brain Institute at the Faculty of Medicine.

The study is published on-line this week in the prestigious international journal, Nature Neuroscience. (ANI)

Gut bug may influence obesity

Washington, May 7 (ANI): Obese patients who test positive for methane on their breath have a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) than their peers, according to a new Cedars-Sinai research.

The study is the first in humans to show a link between the presence of methane-producing bacteria in the gut and elevated BMI, indicating that bacteria may play a role in obesity.

“Obesity is a major health issue and is reaching pandemic levels. It is our hope that by better understanding all the factors that contribute to obesity, we can develop more effective ways of fighting it,” said Ruchi Mathur, a physician in the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and one of the study”s authors.

The research was a joint effort of the Center for Weight Loss and the GI Motility Program. The

Study’s lead author Mark Pimentel, director of the GI Motility Program at Cedars-Sinai, said: “Currently we are learning new ways to treat methane-producing bacteria. Future studies addressing these and other bacteria could be part of a number of techniques to improve the chances for weight loss in obese subjects.”

In the study, 58 patients age 18 to 65 with BMIs between 30 and 60 were given a breath test to determine if methane was present. About 20 percent of those patients tested methane positive.

The methane-positive patients had a BMI of up to 7 points higher than those patients who did not show methane on their breath test.

The body mass index is used as a measurement that correlates with obesity. A methane-positive test indicates the patient has certain bacteria in the gut that produce this gas.

Previous research by the Cedars-Sinai GI Motility Program has shown that methane from methane-producing bacteria can slow the gut down.

Mathur said this could play a role in explaining why obese patients with these methane type of bacteria have a higher BMI. Methane, by slowing the gut, could increase calorie harvest.

Adrienne Youdim, director of medical weight loss at the Cedars-Sinai Center for Weight Loss, said: “Our strategies for treating this complex medical problem are limited. This finding is a helpful step in better understanding the growing problem of obesity and potentially providing more effective medical treatments.”

The study was presented at Digestive Disease Week in New Orleans, La. (ANI)

Long-term use of certain contraception jabs linked to increased fracture risk

Washington, May 7 (ANI): DMPA, a commonly used injectible contraceptive, is associated with higher risk of bone fracture when used alone, and not in combination with estrogens, according to a new study.

The study was presented at the World Congress on Osteoporosis (IOF WCO-ECCEO10) in Florence, Italy.

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a progestin-only long acting reversible hormonal contraceptive birth control drug which is injected every 3 months. It is used by more than 9 million women worldwide, with high usage among teenagers in Europe and the US.

Previous research has shown that use of DMPA is associated with impaired bone acquisition during adolescence and accelerated bone loss later in life, mainly in younger women with lower estrogen levels. However, few studies have looked into the impact of DMPA on fracture risk.

The study, conducted by researchers at the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland and the Boston University Medical Center, Lexington, USA, used a case-control analysis to evaluate the relationship between long-term use of DMPA, with or without estrogen, and the risk of fractures. The results show that in women below 50 years of age, longer-term use of DMPA of two and more years is associated with a 50 percent increased risk of fracture. For users of combined estrogen-containing oral contraceptives fracture risk was not increased. (ANI)

Human brain reacts differently to different races

Washington, Apr 27 (ANI): When dealing with people outside of one”s own race, the human brain fires differently, a new study has found.

The research out of the University of Toronto Scarborough explored the sensitivity of the “mirror-neuron-system” to race and ethnicity.

The researchers had study participants view a series of videos while hooked up to electroencephalogram (EEG) machines. The participants – all white – watched simple videos in which men of different races picked up a glass and took a sip of water. They watched white, black, South Asian and East Asian men perform the task.

Typically, when people observe others perform a simple task, their motor cortex region fires similarly to when they are performing the task themselves. However, the UofT research team, led by PhD student Jennifer Gutsell and Assistant Professor Dr. Michael Inzlicht, found that participants” motor cortex was significantly less likely to fire when they watched the visible minority men perform the simple task. In some cases when participants watched the non-white men performing the task, their brains actually registered as little activity as when they watched a blank screen.

“Previous research shows people are less likely to feel connected to people outside their own ethnic groups, and we wanted to know why,” says Gutsell. “What we found is that there is a basic difference in the way peoples” brains react to those from other ethnic backgrounds. Observing someone of a different race produced significantly less motor-cortex activity than observing a person of one”s own race. In other words, people were less likely to mentally simulate the actions of other-race than same-race people”

The trend was even more pronounced for participants who scored high on a test measuring subtle racism, says Gutsell.

“The so-called mirror-neuron-system is thought to be an important building block for empathy by allowing people to ”mirror” other people”s actions and emotions; our research indicates that this basic building block is less reactive to people who belong to a different race than you,” says Inzlicht.

The finding is published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. (ANI)

Sports stars’ drinking habits don’t influence youth

London, April 22 (IANS) The drunken and loutish behaviour of some sporting heroes has little or no effect on the drinking habits of young people, research says.

Researchers at the Universities of Manchester, Britain, and Western Sydney, Australia, said their findings rubbish the idea that sports stars act as role models for those who follow sport.

‘The perceived drinking habits of sports stars and its relationship to the drinking levels of young people has never been examined empirically, despite these sporting heroes often being touted as influential role models for young people,’ said Kerry O’Brien, lecturer at Manchester’s School of Psychological Sciences, who led the study.

‘Our research shows that young people, both sporting participants and non-sporting participants, don’t appear to be influenced by the drinking habits of high-profile sportspersons as depicted in the mass media,’ he added.

O’Brien and his colleagues, pointing to previous research, suggest that sport and sports stars are much more likely to influence the drinking behaviour of fans when used as marketing tools by the alcohol industry, such as through sponsorship deals.

The research team asked more than 1,000 young followers of sportspersons at elite and amateur level and non-followers of sportspersons to report the perceived drinking behaviour of high-profile sports stars compared with their friends, and then report their own drinking behaviour using the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test.

The researchers found that both sporting and non-sporting study participants believed that sports stars actually drank significantly less than themselves but that their own friends drank considerably more.

After accounting for other potential factors, sports stars’ drinking was not predictive of young followers’ own drinking, and was actually predictive of lower levels of drinking in non-followers – the more alcohol non-followers perceived sports stars to drink, the less they actually drank themselves.

O’Brien said: ‘Sport administrators are very quick to condemn and punish individual sport stars for acting as poor role models when they are caught displaying drunken and loutish behaviour.’

But there is much stronger evidence for a relationship between alcohol-industry sponsorship, advertising and marketing within sports and hazardous drinking among young people than there is for the influence of sports stars’ drinking, a Manchester release said.

‘We are not suggesting that sports stars should not be encouraged to drink responsibly but it’s disingenuous to place the blame on them for setting the bad example,’ O’Brien said.

The findings were published in Drug and Alcohol Review.

Study shines light on near-death experiences

People who have “near-death experiences,” such as flashing lights, feelings of peace and joy and divine encounters before they pull back from the brink may simply have raised levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood, a study suggests.

Near-death experiences (NDEs) are reported by between 11 and 23 percent of survivors of heart attacks, according to previous research.

But what causes NDEs is strongly debated. Some pin the mechanisms on physical or psychological reasons, while others see a transcendental force.

Researchers in Slovenia, reporting in a peer-reviewed journal, Critical Care, investigated 52 consecutive cases of heart attacks in three large hospitals.

The patients’ average age was 53 years. Forty-two of them were men.

Eleven patients had NDEs, but there was no common link between these cases in terms of age, sex, level of education, religious belief, fear of death, time to recovery or the drugs that were administered to resuscitate them.

Instead, a common association was high levels of CO2 in the blood and, to a lesser degree, of potassium.

Further work is needed to confirm the findings among a larger sample of patients, say the authors, led by Zalika Klemenc-Ketis of the University of Maribor.

Having an NDE can be a life-changing experience, so understanding its causes is important for heart-attack survivors, they say.

Flu jab link to increased H1N1 risk: study

People vaccinated against seasonal flu appear to have been at increased risk of the H1N1 pandemic flu that killed thousands worldwide in 2009, Canadian researchers report.

But some researchers say the study contradicts other findings and suggest the link would be difficult to prove.

The findings appear in the journal PLoS Medicine.

Four studies led by Dr Danuta Skowronski of the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control in Vancouver, compared the vaccination history of people with H1N1 influenza to people without evidence of infection.

The studies included approximately 2,700 people with and without H1N1.

The first study “confirmed that the seasonal vaccine provided protection against seasonal influenza, but found it to be associated with an increased risk of approximately 68 per cent for H1N1 disease.”

A further three studies also found an “increased likelihood of H1N1 illness in people who had received the seasonal vaccine compared to those who had not”.

The researchers say these do not reveal a “true cause-and-effect relationship” between seasonal flu vaccination and subsequent H1N1 illness.

The observed association may also be “due to differences in some unidentified factors among the groups being studied,” they said.

Conflicting results

Previous studies, including one by Dr Heath Kelly and Kristina Grant of the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory in Melbourne, have produced conflicting results.

In an accompanying commentary appearing in PLoS Medicine, Dr Lone Simonsen and Dr Cecile Viboud say it would be “premature to conclude” that seasonal flu vaccinations increased the risk of pandemic illness in 2009.

Dr Ian Barr, Deputy Director of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza in Australia agrees.

“It’s not clear in my mind what the real outcome is,” he said. “I would tend towards the neutral.”

According to Dr Barr, previous research on animal models has shown no beneficial or detrimental effect from the seasonal vaccine on H1N1 response.

Growing immunity

Dr Barr says the number of H1N1 infections this year is expected to be lower than in 2009, due to a smaller “reservoir” of people without immunity.

“We have reasonable evidence that people above the age of 50 years have existing immunity,” he said.

“A large number of Australians were infected with the virus, with between 40 per cent and 50 per cent of children exposed.”

The Canadian researchers also note that the World Health Organisation has recommended that H1N1 be included in subsequent seasonal vaccine formulations, which has been included this year in Australia.

The Canadian researchers believe this would provide protection against H1N1 and remove “any risk that might have been due to the seasonal vaccine in 2009, which did not include H1N1″.

Easter eggs ‘can help the heart’

Easter eggs and other chocolate may be good for the heart and lower blood pressure provided you eat a tiny amount each day and prefer dark rather than milk or white chocolate, new research suggests.

A study of more than 19,000 Germans showed those who ate an average of seven or more grams of chocolate per day had lower blood pressure and a lower risk of stroke and heart attack.

“To put it in terms of absolute risk, if people in the group eating the least amount of chocolate… increased their chocolate intake by six grams a day, 85 fewer heart attacks and strokes per 10,000 people could be expected to occur over a period of about 10 years,” said lead researcher Brian Buijsse of the German Institute of Human Nutrition.

The paper, published online in the European Heart Journal, says further work is needed to explain why chocolate appears to help the heart.

Previous research has suggested that the answer may lie in complex molecules called flavanols, which recruit the gas nitric oxide to the cells that line the inner walls of blood vessels. Nitric oxide causes smooth muscles to relax, which may lower blood pressure.

Flavanols are found in cocoa – and as there is more cocoa in dark chocolate, this could explain why milk chocolate or white chocolate were found to be less effective, the paper says.

Professor Peter Howe from the University of South Australia says the risk of heart attack and stroke was reduced by almost 40 per cent.

“The outcome is fairly convincing that even when people are consuming just regular chocolate, there is an overall benefit with slightly lower blood pressure and apparently less risk of cardiovascular disease,” he said.

The researchers were quick to warn that the study does not endorse the overeating of chocolate, which will result in serious health problems.

The experts warn anyone tempted to gorge on chocolate as a result of these findings.

A 100-gram slab of dark chocolate contains roughly 500 calories, so you would have to subtract this figure from your daily food intake – or do exercise to burn it up – to avoid weight gain.

“Small amounts of chocolate may help to prevent heart disease, but only if it replaces other energy-dense food, such as snacks, in order to keep body weight stable,” Mr Buijsse said.

- ABC/AFP

Cell division in bacteria just like clockwork

Washington, March 19 (ANI): A new American study has found that cell division in cyanobacteria is controlled by same kind of circadian rhythms that govern human sleep.

The research conducted by scientists at MIT and the University of California at San Diego has appeared in the March 18 online edition of Science.

Previous research has demonstrated that although cyanobacteria do not “sleep” in the same way as humans, they cycle through active and resting periods on a 24-hour schedule. Cyanobacteria depend on sunlight for photosynthesis, so they are most active during the day.

The researchers showed, for the first time, how the circadian clock regulates the bacteria”s rate of cell division – their method of reproduction – in single cells.

Lead author Bernardo Pando, an MIT graduate student in physics, said: “These cells have to keep dividing, and the circadian oscillator regulates when they divide.”

In multicellular animals, including humans, cell division is crucial for renewal and repair, while out-of-control cell division causes cancer, so “understanding how cells are dividing is really of fundamental importance,” says Susan Golden, professor of molecular biology at the University of California at San Diego and an author of the paper.

Cyanobacteria maintain their circadian rhythms even when isolated from the naturally occurring daily light-dark cycles of the sun, just like humans. The scientists discovered that under conditions of moderate constant light, the cyanobacteria undergo cell division about once per day, and the divisions take place mostly at the midpoint of the 24-hour cycle.

To find how the cell division cycle is coupled to the circadian clock, the researchers sped up the cell cycle by boosting the intensity of light, enabling the cells to photosynthesize more, which increases the amount of energy available to them. The cells did start to divide more frequently, but in a pattern still linked to the circadian clock — they divided once a quarter of the way into the cycle, and again three-quarters into the cycle.

The research group also showed that the cyanobacteria enter a resting phase about 19 hours into the circadian cycle, after which they will not divide until the next cycle begins.

For the study, the researchers tracked single cells over a weeklong period. Proteins that govern the circadian clock were tagged with yellow fluorescent protein, so each cell”s position in the 24-hour cycle could be pinpointed. Photographs of the cells were taken every 40 minutes, so researchers could see when they divided.

This is the first time researchers have studied how cell cycle and circadian rhythms are coupled in individual bacterial cells.

Alexander van Oudenaarden, MIT professor of biophysics and senior author of the paper, said: “You can only do this by looking at single cells.”
(ANI)

Stomach wraps more effective approach to treat severe acid reflux

Washington, Mar 17 (ANI): For treatment of severe acid reflux, stomach wrap operations could be a more effective option than acid suppression tablets, according to a new Cochrane Systematic Review.

The study shows a more pronounced improvement in symptoms shortly after surgery than with drug treatment.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a common chronic disease in which acid reflux causes heartburn, acid regurgitation, vomiting and difficulty swallowing.

GORD can be treated by changes to diet and acid suppression tablets, but in the most severe cases, doctors go for a surgical operation called a fundoplication, which involves wrapping part of the stomach around the lower part of the gullet.

However, it is not certain whether this procedure is more effective than medication.

The authors reviewed data from four trials, which together involved 1232 participants.

And their conclusions relate to findings from follow-up up to one year after treatment.

They found that fundoplication operations performed by keyhole surgery were more effective at reducing the symptoms of GORD over this timescale, but that there was little data available to indicate potential benefits over longer timescales.

“There is evidence to suggest that, at least in the short to medium term, surgery is more effective than tablets for treatment of GORD. But surgery does carry a risk and whether this is outweighed by the benefits in the long term is still not certain,” said lead researcher Samantha Wileman of the Health Services Research Unit at the University of Aberdeen in the UK.

“Previous research, prior to the development of keyhole surgery for GORD, has suggested that the benefits of surgery for GORD are not sustained over time, highlighting the importance for future keyhole fundoplication studies to include longer term follow-up. We also need to know more about the clinical and cost implications of long term medication versus surgery,” said Wileman. (ANI)

Stomach wraps more effective approach to treat severe acid reflux

Washington, Mar 17 (ANI): For treatment of severe acid reflux, stomach wrap operations could be a more effective option than acid suppression tablets, according to a new Cochrane Systematic Review.

The study shows a more pronounced improvement in symptoms shortly after surgery than with drug treatment.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a common chronic disease in which acid reflux causes heartburn, acid regurgitation, vomiting and difficulty swallowing.

GORD can be treated by changes to diet and acid suppression tablets, but in the most severe cases, doctors go for a surgical operation called a fundoplication, which involves wrapping part of the stomach around the lower part of the gullet.

However, it is not certain whether this procedure is more effective than medication.

The authors reviewed data from four trials, which together involved 1232 participants.

And their conclusions relate to findings from follow-up up to one year after treatment.

They found that fundoplication operations performed by keyhole surgery were more effective at reducing the symptoms of GORD over this timescale, but that there was little data available to indicate potential benefits over longer timescales.

“There is evidence to suggest that, at least in the short to medium term, surgery is more effective than tablets for treatment of GORD. But surgery does carry a risk and whether this is outweighed by the benefits in the long term is still not certain,” said lead researcher Samantha Wileman of the Health Services Research Unit at the University of Aberdeen in the UK.

“Previous research, prior to the development of keyhole surgery for GORD, has suggested that the benefits of surgery for GORD are not sustained over time, highlighting the importance for future keyhole fundoplication studies to include longer term follow-up. We also need to know more about the clinical and cost implications of long term medication versus surgery,” said Wileman. (ANI)

Increased intake of leafy greens, nuts ‘can cut colon cancer risk in men’

Toronto, March 17 (ANI): For men, boosting the intake of magnesium, a mineral found in leafy greens, nuts and legumes, can help significantly reduce the risk of colon cancer, says a new research from Japan.

Magnesium has been shown to guard against high blood pressure, heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, migraines and osteoporosis. Now, the new study suggests that the health benefits of the mineral extend even further.

Previous research in animals showed the ability of magnesium supplements to reduce experimentally induced colon tumours, reports The Globe and Mail.

The current study followed 87,117 Japanese men and women, aged 45 to 74, for eight years to determine whether dietary magnesium could help prevent colon cancer.

Among men, those who consumed at least 327 milligrams of magnesium a day were 52 per cent less likely to develop colon cancer, compared to those whose daily diets provided less than 238 milligrams.

Magnesium intake was not linked to the risk of colon cancer in women.

The study has been published in the April issue of the Journal of Nutrition. (ANI)

Accent speaks louder than race when it comes to making friends

Washington, March 17 (ANI): A Harvard University study has shown that when it come to making friends, children prefer those whose speech patterns – rather than skin colour – mimic their own.

It has long been recognized that both kids and adults form and organize relationship networks largely based on the race, gender and age of others.

While previous research has shown that white kids in the United States tend to pick same-race friends, new findings suggest that race takes a back seat when foreign or non-native accents come into play.

During the study, when offered the choice between making friends with either a white or black child who spoke French, English with a French accent or native English, the group of white, 5-year-old study participants overwhelmingly opted for the native speakers, regardless of their race.

A related research has shown that 5-month-old infants also exhibit similar inclinations toward a native accent, which emphasizes its powerful role as a critical marker of social identity and group membership.

“Given how difficult languages are to learn into adulthood, how someone speaks is a really good marker of where someone”s from, who they are and where they”ve been,” Discovery News quoted Katherine Kinzler, lead author in the Harvard study and developmental psychologist at the University of Chicago, as saying.

The study has been published in the journal Social Cognition. (ANI)

Today’s youngsters aren”t self-centered antisocial slackers after all

Washington, Mar 16 (ANI): Contrary to stereotypes, young people of today are not self-centered antisocial slackers and generally just as industrious and outgoing as young people in generations past, according to a new study.

In a scientific analysis of nearly a half-million high-school seniors spread over three decades, MSU’s Brent Donnellan and Kali Trzesniewski of the University of Western Ontario argue teens today are no more egotistical – and just as happy and satisfied – as previous generations.

“We concluded that, more often than not, kids these days are about the same as they were back in the mid-1970s,” said Donnellan, associate professor of psychology.

The study appears in the research journal Perspectives on Psychological Science.

Donnellan acknowledges that many people will be surprised by the findings, which refute previous studies classifying today’s youth as selfish loafers with extremely high levels of self-esteem.

But while much previous research has relied on “convenience studies” of relatively small samples of young adults, Donnellan said, the current study analyzes the psychological profile data of 477,380 high school seniors from 1976 to 2006. The data comes from the University of Michigan’s federally funded Monitoring the Future survey, which each year tracks the behaviors, attitudes and values of American students.

Some of the other findings of the study are: Today’s youth are more cynical and less trusting of institutions than previous generations. But Donnellan said this is generally true of the broader population.

The current generation is less fearful of social problems such as race relations, hunger, poverty and energy shortages. Today’s youth have higher educational expectations, the study found.

“Kids today are like they were 30 years ago – they’re trying to find their place in the world, they’re trying to carve out an identity, and it can be difficult,” Donnellan said. “But lots of research shows that the stereotypes of all groups are much more overdrawn than the reality.” (ANI)

Short bursts of intensive exercise as good as hours of training

Washington, Mar 13 (ANI): The secret to staying fit is doing less exercise. Shocked? Well, a new study says short but intensive bursts of exercise lasting ten minutes are as effective as good as hours of training in fighting flab.

Boffins who have been studying interval training have found that it not only takes less time than what is typically recommended, but the regimen does not have to be “all out” to be effective in helping reduce the risk of such diseases at Type 2 diabetes.

The study appears in the March issue of The Journal of Physiology.

“What we”ve been able to show is that interval training does not have to be ”all out” in order to be effective and time-efficient,” says Martin Gibala, professor and chair of the Department of Kinesiology at McMaster University. “While still a very demanding form of training, the exercise might be more achievable by the general public—not just elite athletes—and it certainly doesn”t require the use of specialized laboratory equipment.”

Since Gibala”s first study on interval training was published five years ago, a growing body of research has zeroed in on this particular style of exercise in which you train hard but for less time.

Previous research by the McMaster group involved 30 seconds of maximal pedaling on a special bike followed by four minutes of recovery, and repeated 4-6 times. The new study involves eight to 12 one-minute bouts of exercise on a standard stationary bicycle at a relatively lower intensity with rest intervals of 75 seconds, for a total of 20-25 minutes per session. The workload was still above most people”s comfort zone —about 95percent of maximal heart rate — but only about half of what can be achieved when people sprint at an all-out pace.

“That is the trade-off for the relatively lower intensity,” says Gibala. “There is no free lunch; duration must increase as intensity decreases.”

While the total amount of exercise performed was higher than in Gibala”s previous interval training studies, the overall time commitment was still lower than what is typically recommended by public health agencies.

Subjects used in the study performed six training sessions over 14 days. (ANI)

Long-term cannabis use can double risk of psychosis

Using cannabis for 6 years or more doubles psychosis risk

* Experts say 190 million people around world use the drug

By Kate Kelland

LONDON, March 1 (Reuters) – Young people who smoke cannabis or marijuana for six years or more are twice as likely to have psychotic episodes, hallucinations or delusions than people who have never used the drug, scientists said on Monday.

The findings adds weight to previous research which linked psychosis with the drug — particularly in its most potent form as “skunk” — and will feed the debate about the level of controls over its use.

Despite laws against it, up to 190 million people around the world use cannabis, according to United Nations estimates, equating to about 4 percent of the adult population.

John McGrath of the Queensland Brain Institute in Australia studied more than 3,801 men and women born between 1981 and 1984 and followed them up after 21 years to ask about their cannabis use and assessed them for psychotic episodes. Around 18 percent reported using cannabis for three or fewer years, 16 percent for four to five years and 14 percent for six or more years.

“Compared with those who had never used cannabis, young adults who had six or more years since first use of cannabis were twice as likely to develop a non-affective psychosis (such as schizophrenia),” McGrath wrote in a study published in the Archives of General Psychiatry journal.

They were also four times as likely to have high scores in clinical tests of delusion, he wrote, and a so-called “dose-response” relationship showed that the longer the duration since first cannabis use, the higher the risk of psychosis-related symptoms.

A study by British scientists last year suggested that people who smoke skunk, a potent form of cannabis, are almost seven times more likely to develop psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia than those who smoke “hash” or cannabis resin [nGEE5AT1JQ].

Previous studies had also suggested smoking cannabis can double the risk of psychosis, but the British study was the first to look specifically at skunk. Skunk has higher amounts of the psychoactive ingredient THC which can produce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions and paranoia.

McGrath said, however, that “the nature of the relationship between psychosis and cannabis use is by no means simple” and more research was needed to examine the mechanisms at work.

As part of his study, McGrath and his team looked at links between cannabis use and psychotic symptoms among a group of 228 sibling pairs and found the association still held. This suggests other influences like genes or the environment were less likely to be responsible for the psychosis, they said.

A international group of drug policy experts published a book earlier this year arguing that laws against cannabis have failed to cut its use but instead led to vast numbers of arrests for drug possession in countries like Britain, Switzerland and the United States, which cause social division and pointless government expense. [nLDE60O08O] (Editing by Myra MacDonald)

Binge drinking weakens body’s ability to fight infections

Washington, Sept 18 (ANI): Binge drinking can weaken body’s ability to fight off infections for at least 24 hours afterwards, finds a new study.

Stephen Pruett, currently at the College of Veterinary Medicine at Mississippi State University, USA and Ruping Fan of Louisiana State University Health Sciences Centre, USA, focused their study on the effect of heavy drinking on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a protein that has an important role in immune system activation.

Previous research has shown that too much alcohol inhibits the body’s production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are signalling molecules that launch the inflammatory response to infection.

The new study conducted over mouse model has confirm that acute alcohol exposure prevents the body from producing certain key pro-inflammatory cytokines.

The researchers found that ethanol molecules suppress TLR4′s usual ability to send signals that would normally trigger the production of inflammatory cytokines.

Alcohol’s effects continue long after the party is over: some cytokines were still not on full duty guarding against infection 24 hours after the binge.

“The time frame during which the risk of infection is increased might be at least 24 hours,” said Pruett.

“A persistent effect of ethanol on cells is indicated, such that inhibition of the response of some cytokines occurs even after the ethanol is cleared,” he added.

The study is published in the open access journal BMC Immunology. (ANI)