Soon, ‘robobees’ that mimic bees’ behaviour

Washington, Sep 13 (ANI): A Northeastern University neurobiologist is collaborating with Harvard University researchers to develop micro flying robots that will emulate the bees’ brain, body and collective behaviour.

Biology professor Joseph Ayers would create robots, called the robobees, which would mimic the communal feeding behaviour of bee colonies.

The project will draw on the knowledge of computer scientists, engineers, and biologists to construct an electronic nervous system, a supervisory architecture and a high-energy source to power the innovative robots.

“This project will integrate the efforts and expertise of a diverse team of investigators to create a system that far transcends the sum of its parts. We expect substantial advances in basic science at the intersection of these seemingly disparate disciplines to result from this effort,” said Ayers.

Inspired by the biology of the bee and the insect’s colonial behaviour, the project aims to advance miniature robotics and the design of compact high-energy power sources.

The project would also spur innovations in ultra-low-power computing and electronic “smart” sensors that mediate biomimetic control.

In addition, it would refine coordination algorithms to manage multiple, independent machines.

Ayers is widely known for his work in biomimetics- the science of adapting the control systems found in nature to inform design of engineered systems to solve real-world problems-including the development of RoboLobster and RoboLamprey.

The autonomous, biomimetic underwater robotic models emulate the operations of the animals’ nervous systems using an electronic controller based on nonlinear, moving models of neurons and synapses.

“Animals have evolved to occupy every environmental niche where we would hope to operate robots, save outer space. They provide proven solutions to problems that confound even the most sophisticated robots, and our challenge is to capture these performance advantages in engineered devices,” said Ayers. (ANI)

Earth cyclones may help explain vortices on Venus

Washington, March 15 (ANI): An international team of scientists is studying cyclones on Earth to help them better understand ‘superrotating’ vortices on the planet Venus.

At cloud top level, the entire atmosphere of Venus circles the planet in just about four Earth days, much faster than the solid planet does.

Despite this “superrotation,” some dynamical and morphological similarities exist between the vortex organization in the atmospheres of Venus’s northern and southern hemispheres and tropical cyclones and hurricanes on Earth.

First detected by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter near the northern pole and recently by Venus Express orbiter around the southern pole, an S-shaped feature in the center of the vortices on Venus is also known to occur in Earth’s tropical cyclones.

Using an idealized nonlinear and nondivergent barotropic model, the research team have shown that these S-shaped features are the manifestations of barotropic instability.

They found that similar to the S-shapes seen in tropical cyclones, the S-shapes in Venus’s vortices are transient.

Given the challenges in measuring the deep circulation of Venus’s atmosphere, the authors expect that the morphological similarities between vortices on Earth and Venus might help scientists better understand atmospheric superrotation on Venus and guide future observations.

The team was from Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, US, ASF, INAF, Italy, and, Max Plank Institute for Solar System Research, Germany. (ANI)

Bacteria can directly cause blood clotting

Bacteria can directly cause blood clottingLondon, November 3: An international research team has found that bacteria can directly cause human blood and plasma to clot, something that has long been thought to have been lost during the course of vertebrate evolution.

The researchers believe that their new findings may help advance scientists’ understanding of coagulation during bacterial infections, which in turn may pave the way for new clinical methods for treating serious medical conditions like sepsis and anthrax.

Blood often coagulates during sepsis or bacterial infections, but this has generally been regarded as a host”s immune and inflammatory response.

Though scientists have known for long that bacteria can activate factors that precede coagulation, they previously did not think that bacteria could pass the coagulation threshold and cause blood clots to form.

The clots, once formed, can grow and propagate.

While the clotting may prevent the dissemination of the bacteria through the host, it often causes serious vascular damage due to blocked and injured blood vessels.

The researcher say that the location of the bacteria is crucial to clot formation, instead of the total number of bacteria or their level of concentration.

According to them, for those bacteria that can activate coagulation factors, coagulation occurs only when a cluster of bacteria forms.

“Our research demonstrates that coagulation can be controlled by changing the spatial distribution, or clustering, of bacteria,” Nature Chemical Biology quoted study co-author Christian Kastrup, Post-Doctoral Assistant at the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as saying.

“Therefore, considering the location of bacterial cells, instead of just their presence or absence and their total numbers, could significantly change our understanding of coagulation,” Kastrup added.

The team point out that coagulation can occur if enough proteases, which activate coagulation, accumulate near the bacteria rather than diffuse away.

The researchers focused their study on Bacillus anthracis, the anthrax-causing pathogen. They used a safe strain that could not infect humans.

The researchers observed that coagulation, in the case of human blood, required the secretion of zinc metalloprotease InhA1, which activated prothrombin and factor X directly—not via factor XII or tissue-factor pathways.

“We refer to this mechanism as ”quorum acting” to distinguish it from quorum sensing, in which bacteria coordinate certain actions based, in part, on their density,” said Wei-Jen Tang, Professor at the Ben-May Department for Cancer Research.

He further said that the observations made during the study opened up a new field of study.

“We will now explore the commonality of quorum acting, and how quorum acting can affect evolutionary dynamics,” he added.

Ismagilov said that new findings had significant implications.

“The work emphasizes the importance of bacteria”s spatial distribution, rather than just its average concentration in the functioning of nonlinear biochemical networks,” he said. (ANI)