No high school for illiterate students: expert

The director of a national not-for-profit tutorial centre says there should be an iron-clad law that students cannot progress to high school until it is proven they can read.

Thousands of primary school students around Australia cannot adequately read and write yet still make the transition to high school.

Reverend Bill Crews, who runs remedial learning centres in Sydney, Darwin and Gladstone, says that is a massive mistake.

He says the Federal Government’s national literacy and numeracy tests, known as NAPLAN, are critical to keeping a check and balance on students, especially those who might slip through the system.

“It is such a good thing to do. Our experience here, which is now being shown up in the tables, is if kids don’t leave primary school being able to read they fall behind at high school,” he said.

“It should be an iron-clad law that kids cannot leave primary school until they can read.”

State and territory education unions are stepping up their push for teachers to boycott next week’s NAPLAN tests, saying data will be used for the My School website and lead to the creation of league tables.

Reverend Crews says students like Joel West prove how important testing is.

At age 11 Joel has the reading skills of a child four years his junior.

“I couldn’t read and spell, write, and whenever I couldn’t do it it was making me angry,” he said.

He has been at the Exodus tutorial centre for two months.

His mother, Monie West, says the change in her son has been unbelievable.

“He went from reading nothing… struggling with every word… to being able to sound out the biggest words. So I’m very proud of him,” she said.

“It’s only been a term and he can read. It helps now because he can read the back [of microwave packets] now to cook his own pasta and stuff like that. So it’s helped in a lot of ways, big and small.”

Life skills

Mary Storch, a senior teacher from the Exodus centre in Ashfield, says the inability to read can lead to a host of problems later in life.

“We have to catch these kids before they go to high school because what happens, if you look at the statistics, I think something like 70 per cent of people in prison have literacy problems,” she said.

“So if you can’t read it’s very difficult to get a job. You can’t a job. You can’t fill in forms. What happens? How do you earn an income? It’s very hard.

“So what Bill is trying to do is get them into good jobs and keep them out of trouble.”

Reverend Crews says education unions are fighting the wrong cause.

“I think their compassion is misguided. The whole thing is to do what’s in the best interest of every child, and in 2010 the best interests of every child are being served by them being able to read,” he said.

He also believes the NAPLAN test results should be made public.

“Yes, because we need to know. Everybody needs to know. What then happens is anecdotal evidence can be supported.”

On Tuesday afternoon Fair Work Australia ruled that teachers in Victoria could not boycott next week’s national tests.

Education unions in other states and territories have already been ordered to supervise the NAPLAN tests.

The Australian Education Union (AEU) is attempting to defy the order because it says the tests can be used to compile league tables ranking schools.

Education Minister Julia Gillard says that is not what the NAPLAN tests are about.

“It’s not like we’re standing by just going ‘bad school’. We’re there with $2.5 billion of new resources and reforms including things like getting the best graduates to go into teaching, paying our best teachers more to go to the classrooms that need them the most to make a difference,” Ms Gillard said.

“And it just amazes me that people would stand in the way of that journey.”

Speaking to business leaders in Adelaide, Ms Gillard said illiteracy is a sensitive area but it must be addressed.

“Forty per cent of Australian workers don’t have basic literacy and numeracy skills; the skills we need in the modern workforce. That equates to around 4.5 million Australians.”

She says boosting the language, literacy and numeracy capacity of the workforce is perhaps the single most constructive step in improving Australia’s productivity.

Planck spacecraft obtains first peek of big bang’s ‘afterglow’

London, September 18 (ANI): European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) Planck spacecraft has obtained its first peek at the afterglow of the big bang, revealing it in unprecedented detail.

The ESA spacecraft was launched into space on May 14 this year. It is observing the glow of hot gas from just 380,000 years after the big bang, called the cosmic microwave background (CMB).

According to a report in New Scientist, the detailed properties of this background may contain hints of hidden extra dimensions or multiple universes, as well as providing clues to what caused a brief, early period of incredibly rapid cosmic expansion.

Planck began surveying the microwave background on August 13, a few weeks after reaching its planned perch 1.5 million kilometres from Earth at a point called L2 and cooling its detectors to within 0.1 degrees Celsius above absolute zero.

Now, the Planck team has released the probe’s first image, an observational strip covering about 5 per cent of the sky.

Slight variations in temperature from place to place in the early universe give the image its mottled appearance.

“With a few per cent of the data in, you can see it’s working well and delivering good stuff,” said team member George Efstathiou of the University of Cambridge.

Planck is expected to provide the most detailed all-sky map of the cosmic microwave background yet, improving on the best current map, obtained by NASA’s Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), which launched in 2001.

Planck’s detectors have more than 10 times the sensitivity of WMAP’s, and about 2.5 times the angular resolution.

“Every strip that Planck scans, we’re getting data that is many, many times more sensitive than WMAP,” Efstathiou told New Scientist.

Although Planck was only designed to observe the sky for 15 months, the team believes it could last for more than 30 months, based on new estimates of how long its coolant will last.

The extra time will allow Planck to measure the radiation with even greater precision, since it will scan the entire sky four times – two more than originally planned. (ANI)

Soon, a portable optical atomic clock

Berlin, September 4 (ANI): In a new research work, a team of scientists has shown how optical atomic clocks in the future might become more compact and even portable, maybe even travel to space.

The research was done by scientists from the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Braunschweig, Germany.

Optical clocks like the strontium clock in the PTB could be the atomic clocks of the future; some of them though are already ten times more precise and stable than the best primary caesium atomic clocks.

Nowm they might also become more compact and even portable, maybe in the future even travel to space.

PTB scientists have shown how some fundamental difficulties, which a more simple set-up had previously hindered, could be avoided.

They already have a practical application in mind: the clock could help to determine geographical heights even more exactly than before.

An optical clock is so exact because its “pendulum” swings so quickly.

The “pendulum” of a caesium atomic clock swings even more quickly: that is, that microwave radiation which can bring about a spin change in each electron of a caesium atom.

Precisely the microwave frequency at which this effect is largest defines the second. An optical atomic clock works with the still higher frequency of optical radiation – that is with an even faster pendulum.

As the movement of the atoms leads to very large frequency shifts through the Doppler effect, in the best of these clocks, the atoms are slowed down to a hundredth of the speed of a pedestrian in a first preparation step with the aid of laser cooling.

As the movement of the atoms leads to very large frequency shifts through the Doppler effect, in the best of these clocks the atoms are slowed down to a hundredth of the speed of a pedestrian in a first preparation step with the aid of laser cooling.

In a lattice clock, a further step then follows in which the atoms are held in potential wells.

These are created through the intensive light field of a laser. Several tens of thousands of strontium atoms are trapped in this so-called optical lattice.

The results of the investigation have shown how the optical lattice has to be dimensioned and how many atoms may be stored in it to operate a very accurate lattice clock also with strontium-88.

A clock is now being built on this basis that is more compact and more transportable than the previous lattice clocks. (ANI)

Scientists come a nano-step closer to weighing a single atom

Melbourne, July 28 (ANI): In a new study, a team of scientists has understood how nanoparticles lose energy, thus coming a key step closer towards producing nanoscale detectors for weighing any single atom.

In this study, the team from the University of Melbourne, Argonne’s Center for Nanoscale Materials in Illinois and the University of Chicago synthesized and studied tiny gold rods with a width 5000 times smaller than the thickness of a human hair.

According to Professor John Sader from the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, in the same way as a classroom ruler decreases its frequency of vibration when an eraser is attached, nanomechanical mass sensors work by measuring their change in vibration frequency as mass is added.

The sensitivity of such nanomechanical devices is intimately connected to how much energy they displace.

So, researchers needed to understand how damping (loss of energy) is transferred both to the fluid surroundings and within the nanostructures.

It has not previously been possible to determine the rate at which vibrations in metal nanoparticle systems are damped, because of significant variations in the dimensions of the particles that have been studied – which masks the vibrations.

However, by studying a system of bipyramid-shaped gold nanoparticles with highly uniform sizes and shapes, the researchers overcame this limitation.

“Previous measurements of nanomechanical damping have primarily focused on devices where only one- or two-dimensions are nanoscale, such as long nanowires.

Our measurements and calculations provide insight into how energy is dissipated in devices that are truly nanoscale in all three-dimensions,” said Professor Sader.

Illuminating these bipyramidal nanoparticle systems with an ultra-fast laser pulse, set them vibrating mechanically at microwave frequencies.

These vibrations were long-lived and for the first time damping in these nanoparticle systems could be interrogated and characterized.

Moreover, the researchers separated out the portion of damping that is due to the material itself and that surrounding liquid for which they developed a parameter-free theoretical model that quantitatively explains this fluid damping.

Such ultrasensitive measurements could ultimately be used in areas such as medical research and diagnostics, enabling the detection of minuscule disease-causing agents such as viruses and prions at the single molecule level. (ANI)

Waste from TV screens may be recycled for medical purposes, say researchers

Washington, July 14 (ANI): University of York scientists say that it is possible to recycle waste material from discarded televisions to make them useful for medical purposes.

The researchers say that they have found a way to recover the chemical compound polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) from television screens, and transform it into a substance which could be suitable for use in tissue scaffolds which help parts of the body regenerate.

They reckon that it could also be used in pills and dressings that are designed to deliver drugs to particular parts of the body.

Professor James Clark, director of the York Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence and one of the author’s of the research, said: “With 2.5 billion liquid crystal displays already reaching the end of their life, and LCD televisions proving hugely popular with consumers, that is a huge amount of potential waste to manage.”

He added: “It is important that we find ways of recycling as many elements of LCDs as possible so we don’t simply have to resort to burying and burning them.”

Describing their technique in an article published the journal Green Chemistry, the researchers have revealed that they heat recovered material in water in a microwave, and then wash it in ethanol to produce “expanded PVA”.

Given that this material does not provoke a response from the human immune system, the researchers say that it may be suitable for use in biomedicine. (ANI)

Earliest stars in Universe may have been twins

Washington, July 10 (ANI): Astrophysicists, using extremely detailed computer simulations, have determined that the earliest stars in the universe formed not only as individuals, but sometimes also as twins.

The robust simulations of the early universe were created by astrophysicists Matthew Turk and Tom Abel of the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, and Brian O’Shea of Michigan State University.

“We used to think that these stars formed by themselves, but now we see from our computer simulations that sometimes they have siblings,” said Turk.

“These stars provide the seeds of next generation star formation, so by understanding them we can better understand how other stars and galaxies formed,” he added.

To make this discovery, the researchers created an extremely detailed computer simulation of early star formation.

Into this virtual universe, they sprinkled primordial gas and dark matter as it existed soon after the Big Bang, data they obtained from observations of the cosmic microwave background.

This mostly uniform radiation – a faint glow of radio waves spread across the entire sky – contains subtle variations that reflect the beginning of all structure in the universe.

The simulations focused on the first Population III stars: massive, hot stars thought to have formed a mere several hundred million years after the Big Bang.

As the researchers watched their simulated universe evolve, waves of gas and dark matter swirled through the hot, dense universe.

As the universe cooled, gravity began to draw the matter together into clumps. In areas rich with matter, stars began to form.

In one out of the researchers’ five simulations, a single cloud of dust and dark matter formed into “twin” stars: one with a mass equivalent to about 10 suns, and one with a mass equivalent to about 6.3 suns.

Both of them were still growing at the end of the calculation and will likely grow to many times that mass.

“We ran five of these calculations starting from the beginning of the universe, and to our surprise one of them was special,” said Abel.

“This opens a whole new realm of research possibilities. These stars could evolve into two black holes, which could have created gravitational waves we could detect with an instrument like the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory,” he added.

“This will help us fine-tune our models for how structure in the universe formed and evolved. Understanding the very early stars helps us understand what we see today,” Turk said. (ANI)

Cell phone towers can help predict the next big flood

Tel Aviv, July 7 (ANI): Researchers from Tel Aviv University, Israel, have said that they can predict the intensity of the next big flood by using common cell phone towers across the United States.

Their model, which analyzes cell phone signals, adds a critical component to weather forecasting never before available.

“By monitoring the specific and fluctuating atmospheric moisture around cell phone towers throughout America, we can cheaply, effectively and reliably provide a more accurate ‘critical moisture distribution’ level for fine-tuning model predictions of big floods,” said Professor Pinhas Alpert, a geophysicist and head of Tel Aviv University’s Porter School for Environmental Education.

Cell phone towers emit radio waves that are diminished by moisture in the air, a factor that can be used to improve model warnings on flood levels.

In addition, the researchers measured the rainfall distributions and were able to accurately estimate the size of impending floods before they struck.

This was demonstrated in post-analysis of two case-studies of floods in the Judean Desert in Israel, where cell phone towers and flash floods are abundant.

Using real data measurements collected from the towers, the researchers demonstrated how microwave links in a cellular network correlated with surface station humidity measurements.

The data provided by cell phone towers is the missing link weather forecasters need to improve the accuracy of flood forecasting.

“Our method provides reliable measurement of moisture fields near the flood zone for the first time,” said Professor Alpert. “This new tool can add to the bigger picture of understanding climate change patterns in general,” he added.

“Accurate predictions of flooding were difficult before because there haven’t been enough reliable measurements of moisture fields in remote locations,” Professor Alpert further added.

Using the signals collected from cell phone towers as they communicate with base stations and our handsets, weather forecasters will now have a crucial missing piece of information for flood prediction that they never had before.

It will permit forecasters and residents alike to more accurately gauge the danger they face from an impending flood. (ANI)

Cosmic ‘whips’ may be detected with gravitational waves

London, July 6 (ANI): A new research has determined that cosmic ‘whips’, which are topological defects in space-time larger than the observable universe, can be detected with the help of gravitational waves.

Many theories predict the existence of cosmic strings.

They say that space-time should have universe-sized snags called ‘cosmic strings’ running across it, but none have yet been found.

That could be because they broke into a tangle of smaller strings and beads soon after the big bang, say scientists.

The imprint of their extremely high gravity was expected to be seen in the cosmic microwave background – the radiation left over from the big bang – or as gravitational lenses that bend distant light towards us.

But, no convincing evidence has been seen.

Ben Shlaer of Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts, and colleagues, told New Scientist that the lack of evidence could be because the strings were unstable and split into smaller and smaller pieces soon after they formed.

The first strings could have been gigantic closed loops or extremely large fragments that terminated in “beads”.

These beads would have been so-called monopoles – analogous to a magnet’s north or south pole without its partner.

As the strings broke, the team’s analysis shows that their split ends would have been capped off by more monopoles, eventually leading to a universe filled with fragmented strings with beads at their ends.

In an infant universe, these high-tension strings would have been whipping around, accelerating the massive beads to relativistic speeds.

These would have generated tight beams of gravitational waves, which could still be traveling through space-time.

“It’s possible that if you wait long enough, one of those highly focused bursts would hit the Earth, and that would cause one of our gravitational wave detectors to chirp,” said Shlaer.

The first cosmic strings were unstable and split into small pieces capped by monopoles.

Those detectors include the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Observatory, which is currently being upgraded, and the upcoming Laser Interferometer Space Antenna.

“The possible frequency range of the waves is exceptionally large, “raising the hope of detection” of cosmic strings,” said theoretical physicist Henry Tye at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. (ANI)

NASA uses satellite to improve global crop forecasting

Washington, May 27 (ANI): NASA researchers are using satellite data to cultivate the most accurate estimates of soil moisture, which would improve global crop forecasting.

Soil moisture is essential for seeds to germinate and for crops to grow. But, record droughts and scorching temperatures in certain parts of the globe in recent years have caused soil to dry up, crippling crop production.

The falling food supply in some regions has forced prices upward, pushing staple foods out of reach for millions of poor people.

Now, NASA researchers are using satellite data to deliver a kind of space-based humanitarian assistance.

They are cultivating the most accurate estimates of soil moisture and improving global forecasts of how well food will grow at a time when the world is confronting shortages.

In this context, NASA scientist John Bolten described a new modeling product that uses data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) sensor on NASA’s Aqua satellite to improve the accuracy of West African soil moisture.

The group produced assessments of current soil moisture conditions, or “nowcasts,” and improved estimates by 5 percent over previous methods.

“Though seemingly small and incremental, the increase can make a big difference in the precision of crop forecasts,” Bolten said.

The modeling innovation comes at a time when crop analysts at agencies like the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) are working to meet the food shortage problem head on.

They combine soil moisture estimates with weather trends to produce up-to-date forecasts of crop harvests.

Those estimates help regional and national officials prepare for and prevent food crises.

“The USDA’s estimates of global crop yields are an objective, timely benchmark of food availability and help drive international commodity markets,” said Bolten, a physical scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.

Crop analysts must estimate root-zone soil moisture, the amount of water beneath the surface available for plants to absorb.

But estimating the amount of water in soil has posed challenges and data gaps.

Under a new NASA-USDA collaboration known as the Global Agriculture Monitoring Project, Bolten and colleagues from the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service are using AMSR-E to fill the data gaps with daily soil moisture “snapshots.”

Since its launch in 2002, the instrument has “seen” through clouds, and light vegetation like crops and grasses to detect the amount of soil moisture beneath Earth’s surface.

Bolten says that results from AMSR-E are just a precursor to dramatic new improvements in data and prediction accuracy researchers expect from the Soil Moisture Active and Passive satellite, slated to launch in 2013. (ANI)

The Universe is flat, but not entirely

London, May 19 (ANI): In a move that is reminiscent of scientists rejecting the view held by many people in the medieval times that the Earth is flat, a team of researchers has dismissed the notion that the Universe is completely flat.

According to a report in New Scientist, when it comes to the universe, “flatness” refers to the fate of light beams traveling large distances parallel to each other.

If the universe is “flat”, the beams will always remain parallel. Matter, energy and dark energy all produce curvature in space-time, however.

If the universe’s space-time is positively curved, like the surface of a sphere, parallel beams would come together. In a negatively curved, saddle-shaped universe, parallel beams would diverge.

Thanks in part to the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite, which revealed the density of matter and dark energy in the early universe, most astronomers are confident that the universe is flat.

But, that view is now being questioned by Joseph Silk at the University of Oxford and colleagues, who say it’s possible that the WMAP observations have been misinterpreted.

In a research paper accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, they took data from WMAP and other cosmology experiments and analyzed it using Bayes’s theorem, which can be used to show how the certainty attached to a particular conclusion is affected by different starting assumptions.

Using modern astronomers’ assumptions, which presuppose a flat universe, they calculated the probability that the universe was in one of three states: flat, positively curved or negatively curved.

This produced a 98 per cent probability that the universe is indeed flat.

When they reran the calculation starting from a more open-minded position, however, the probability changed to 67 per cent, making a flat universe far less of a certainty than astronomers generally conclude.

“It’s a reasonable assumption that the universe isn’t entirely flat,” Silk said, adding that the calculation reveals how strongly astronomers’ prejudices can affect their conclusions.

“They’ve developed a statistically rigorous way of examining the question,” said David Spergel of Princeton University, the spokesman for WMAP.

According to Silk, astronomers need to achieve a 99.9999 per cent level of confidence on the flat universe, high enough that the case starts to look compelling no matter what the starting assumptions are.

It’s possible, however, that no measurements will ever be able to get to that level of accuracy. (ANI)

Probe to look out for gravity waves emitted 14 billion years ago

Washington, May 16 (ANI): A new probe is going to look for the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, which is the afterglow of the Big Bang, that may still carry a faint signature of gravitational waves, which rippled through the very fabric of space-time nearly 14 billion years ago.

A tiny fraction of a second following the Big Bang, the universe allegedly experienced the most inflationary period it has ever known.

“During this inflationary era, space expanded faster than the speed of light. It sounds crazy, but it fits a variety of cosmological observations made in recent years,” said University of Chicago physicist Bruce Winstein.

“Theorists take it to be true, but we have to prove it,” said Winstein, the Samuel K. Allison Distinguished Service Professor in Physics at the University of Chicago. “It needs a real test, and that test is whether or not gravity waves were created,” he added.

“The CMB is probably our best handle on the overall structure of the universe and how it was born,” he further added.

Winstein and his Chicago associates are part of the international QUIET (Q/U Imaging ExperimenT; the Q and U stand for radiation parameters called Stokes parameters) collaboration that has devised such a test.

QUIET’s goal is to detect remnants of the radiation emitted at the earliest moments of the universe, when gravity waves rippled through the very fabric of space-time itself.

The intensive gravitational fields that existed at these earliest moments, according to Einstein, produced gravity waves that alternatively compressed and expanded space, first in one direction, then another.

The QUIET experiment began operating last October with an antenna array that contains 19 detectors.

Since then, QUIET collaborators at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California have produced 91 detectors sensitive to the radiation at a higher frequency.

Over the past several months, the Chicago collaboration has assembled and calibrated these 91 detectors in the basement of the Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research.

Winstein’s team has tested each detector, adjusting 10 critical voltages for each to yield the best performance.

According to Winstein, correctly optimized voltages can improve detector performance by a large factor, making it possible to observe in one day what would have otherwise required a week.

This newer, more sensitive array will begin operating in June. (ANI)

Planck satellite all set to measure the Big Bang

Berlin, May 13 (ANI): Together with ESA’s (European Space Agency’s) Space Telescope Herschel, Planck is all set to go into orbit on May 14, to begin its studies of the cosmic microwave radiation and of the clues it gives about the Big Bang, the earliest phases of the cosmic history, and the structure and composition of the Universe. ccording to the standard model of cosmology, our Universe began 13.7 billions years ago in a Big Bang, the origin of Space and Time.

The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is the relic heat from this Big Bang, released 380,000 years after beginning and still traveling freely through space today.

At that early time, weak fluctuations of matter density were present, which are seen as variations of temperature in the CMB.

By observing these fluctuations, cosmologists can infer how the large-scale structure of today’s Universe – galaxies, galaxy clusters and filaments – were formed.

The Planck satellite will be placed at the second Lagrangian point of the Sun-Earth-Moon system (L2), located about 1.5 million kilometers away from the Earth – four times the distance to the Moon.

It will spin around its own axis, which will always point towards the Sun, with each rotation recording another strip of the sky and mapping its temperature to an accuracy of about one million of a degree.

The data are sent to Earth and turned into temperature maps of the sky in data processing centers in France and Italy.

What the maps look like depends on certain characteristics of the Universe, for example on the curvature of space.

For hypothetic Universes with specified properties, computer simulations using the MPA software generate virtual maps, which will be compared with maps of the real sky.

“From the comparison, we can draw conclusions about the structure of our own Universe, for example how much ordinary matter and dark energy exist in it,” explained Torsten Ensslin, head of the Planck group at MPA (The Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics).

From their computer simulations, MPA cosmologists have shown how the CMB has influenced the gravitational field of dark matter.

The unseen structures of dark matter can therefore be deduced from temperature variations in the CMB.

The mission is expected to detect thousands of distant objects in a frequency range barely studied so far, and so to offer new insights into the physics of galaxies, Active Galactic Nuclei and quasars in the submillimeter domain.

These will show Planck scientists energetic processes in the immediate vicinity of massive black holes.

Planck may also help us to understand the birth of the first stars in the Universe and the structure of our own galaxy, the Milky Way. (ANI)

ESA to launch two large observatories to look deep into space and time

Paris, May 8 (ANI): The European Space Agency (ESA) is going to launch two of the most sophisticated astronomical spacecraft ever built – Herschel and Planck – to look deep into space and time.

The two large observatories will be launched by ESA this month towards deep space orbits around a special observation point beyond the Moon’s orbit.

From there, both spacecraft will begin a revolutionary observation campaign that will further our understanding of the history of the Universe.

Herschel is a large far-infrared space telescope designed to study some of the coldest objects in space, in a part of the electromagnetic spectrum still mostly unexplored.

With its huge light-collection capability and set of sophisticated detectors cooled to the vicinity of absolute zero by over 2000 liters of superfluid helium, Herschel will look at the faintest and farthest infrared sources and peer into the as-yet uncharted far infrared and submillimetric parts of the spectrum.

Herschel will be able to see through the opacity of cosmic dust and gas and observe structures and events far away that date back to the early Universe – such as the birth and evolution of early stars and galaxies – ten thousand million years ago, in an effort to determine exactly how it all started.

Closer by, within our galaxy, Herschel will also observe extremely cold objects, such as the clouds of dust and interstellar gases from which stars and planets are formed, and even the atmosphere around comets, planets and their moons in our own solar system.

Planck is a telescope that will map the fossil light of the Universe – light from the Big Bang – with unprecedented sensitivity and accuracy.

Featuring a 1.5 m telescope and instruments sensitive to microwave radiation, Planck will measure temperature variations in the very early Universe.

It will monitor the so- called Cosmic Microwave Background, the relic of the very first light ever emitted in space about 380 thousand years after the Big Bang, when the density and temperature of the young Universe had decreased enough to finally allow light to separate from matter and travel freely in space.

The two missions are among the most ambitious ever carried out by Europe and mark the crossing of new frontiers in the field of space-based astronomy.

The pair will be lofted in tandem by an Ariane 5 ECA launcher. Lift-off is now scheduled for May 14, from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana. (ANI)

Super-sensors to measure ‘signature’ of inflationary universe

Washington, May 4 (ANI): Scientists have built super-sensitive microwave sensors that would help provide evidence in support of the “inflation theory” of the cosmos, which says the universe expanded rapidly from a subatomic volume.

The new detectors, built at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), were made for a potentially ground-breaking experiment by a collaboration involving NIST, Princeton University, the University of Colorado at Boulder, and the University of Chicago.

This is part of a long-standing project at NIST’s Boulder campus plays a critical role in the study of the cosmic microwave background (CMB)-the faint afterglow of the Big Bang that still fills the universe.

This project previously built superconducting amplifiers and cameras for CMB experiments at the South Pole, in balloon-borne observatories, and on the Atacama Plateau in Chile.

The new experiment will begin approximately a year from now on the Chilean desert and will consist of placing a large array of powerful NIST sensors on a telescope mounted in a converted shipping container.

The detectors will look for subtle fingerprints in the CMB from primordial gravitational waves-ripples in the fabric of space-time from the violent birth of the universe more than 13 billion years ago.

Such waves are believed to have left a faint but unique imprint on the direction of the CMB’s electric field, called the “B-mode polarization.”

These waves-never before confirmed through measurements-are potentially detectable today, if sensitive enough equipment is used.

If found, these waves would be the clearest evidence yet in support of the “inflation theory,” which suggests that all of the currently observable universe expanded rapidly from a subatomic volume, leaving in its wake the telltale cosmic background of gravitational waves.

“The B-mode polarization is the most significant piece of evidence related to inflation that has yet to be observed,” said Ki Won Yoon, a NIST postdoctoral scholar.

“A detection of primordial gravitational waves through CMB polarization would go a long way toward putting the inflation theory on firm ground,” Yoon added.

The data also could provide scientists with insights into different string theory models of the universe and other “unified” theories of physics.

The new NIST detectors may also have applications closer to home, such as in reducing glare in advanced terahertz imaging systems for detecting weapons and contraband. (ANI)

Now, a food tin that heats contents sans microwave

London, April 30 (ANI): Busy office workers will no longer have to depend on a microwave to rustle up a hot snack, all thanks to a food tin that warms up its contents.

The Hotcan meal, which costs 3.99-pounds, includes beef casserole, vegetable curry and an all-day breakfast.

Hotcans, based in Chesterfield, Derbys, is also developing a new range of pasta, curry and vegetarian dishes.

The 14oz cans generate heat by mixing water and limestone when a seal on the top is broken.

And it takes no more than 12 minutes to heat up the food.

“Our range has been aimed at the emergency services, the Army and people who go hiking, fishing or camping,” the Sun quoted Graham Taylor, boss of Hotcans, as saying.

“But we are now testing our new products with a wider audience.

“The meals make a great warm alternative to a sandwich or salad and are ideal for busy office workers,” he added. (ANI)

Griddle- and microwave-cooking maintain highest antioxidant levels in vegetables

Washington, April 19 (ANI): Griddling – cooking on a flat metal surface with no oil – or microwave cooking can help maintain the highest antioxidant levels in vegetables, according to a Spanish study.

Fruits and vegetables are considered to be rich in nutritional antioxidants, which provide cancer and disease-preventing effects. This is the reason why people are encouraged to eat several servings of fruits and vegetables.

Researchers at the University of Murcia and the University of Complutense in Spain analysed six cooking methods with 20 vegetables in order to determine how various food preparing methods affect antioxidant activity.

The six cooking methods studied were boiling, pressure-cooking, baking, microwaving, griddling and frying.

The researchers said that the highest antioxidant loss was observed in cauliflower after boiling and microwaving, peas after boiling, and zucchini after boiling and frying.

They also observed that green beans, beets, and garlic were found to keep their antioxidant levels after most cooking treatments.

According to them, the vegetables that increased their antioxidant levels after all cooking methods were green beans (except green beans after boiling), celery and carrots.

Artichoke was the only vegetable that kept its high antioxidant level during all the cooking methods, said the researchers.

Griddle- and microwave-cooking helped maintain the highest levels of antioxidants, produced the lowest losses while “pressure-cooking and boiling (led) to the greatest losses,” says lead researcher A. M. Jimenez-Monreal.

“In short, water is not the cook’s best friend when it comes to preparing vegetables,” the researcher added.

A research article on the study has been published in the Journal of Food Science, published by the Institute of Food Technologists. (ANI)

Cable and Broadcast Companies Save Millions of Dollars Per Year With Revolutionary…

Cable and Broadcast Companies Save Millions of Dollars Per Year With
Revolutionary MPEG-4 HDTV Solution Over Satellite by ATCi

FCC DTV Mandate Drives DMA Satellite Requirements

Emergency Alert, Amber Alert, Must Carry

PHOENIX, April 16 /PRNewswire/ — Antenna Technology Communications Inc.
(ATCi), a provider of commercial satellite communications services,
successfully designed and implemented a revolutionary digital broadcast system
designed for a local channel and/or DMA extension system that ultimately saves
cable and broadcast companies millions of dollars per year.

Historically cable companies and broadcasters have transmitted local channels
via traditional microwave tower to tower technology, however through the
advent of MPEG-4/DVB-S2 and H.264 technology, ATCi was able to design and
implement a custom system enabling cable operators who commonly provide cable
television, telephone and high-speed Internet services to designated market
areas (DMA’s) the ability to transmit HD programming via MPEG-4 over
satellite. They can then trans-code the signal through their legacy MPEG-2
format thus allowing them to ultimately deliver the signal to their existing
set top boxes. By compressing the signal to MPEG-4, cable operators are now
able to economically offer HD channels to all of their extended DMA’s by
utilizing this leading edge construct. By utilizing this next generation
MPEG-4 technology coupled with DVB-S2 uses approximately half the bandwidth
while providing double the data throughput which translates into a tremendous
cost savings.

“We love this technology,” said Gary Hatch, ATCi’s CEO. “Instead of using the
traditional two transponder solution to distribute (10) HDTV local channels
throughout a traditional DMA, we have been able to provide services direct to
translators and headends. This cost savings really allows all communities to
receive equal services,” Hatch concluded.

ATCi, originator of world-renowned Simulsat(TM) Multibeam antenna, expanded
its broadcast services division in 2000 to include a platform focused solely
on providing cost-effective digital broadcast uplink solutions which include
local channel offerings. In addition to broadcasting local channels for cable
operators, ATCi also specializes in broadcasting thematic channels and
Webcasting.

With these broadcast applications, ATCi provides all the RF equipment and
installation services for the uplinked channels from a network of uplink
facilities. ATCi handles the daily engineering, origination, playout,
ad-insertion, automation, customer service and monitoring support to ensure
the channels are successfully received by the extended DMA locations.

ATCi will be exhibiting its products and solutions at NAB, April 20-23 in Las
Vegas, Booth #C5343.

SOURCE Antenna Technology Communications Inc.

Kristen Love of Antenna Technology Communications Inc., +1-303-484-1733,
klove@atci.net

Soon, microwaves that could defuse bombs

London, Apr 17 (ANI): US researchers are designing a laser-guided microwave blaster to destroy explosives.

The weapon, called the Multimode Directed Energy Armament System, could destroy the electronic fuse of an explosive device or missile, such as a roadside bomb, or immobilise a vehicle by disabling its ignition system, reports New Scientist.

It works by creating a plasma channel that acts as a waveguide for the stream of microwaves, and uses a high-power laser to ionise the air.

The project is the brainchild of the US army’s Armament Research, Development and Engineering Centre (ARDEC).

The weapon’s range will depend on the laser-generated channel.

“The concept is solid and the only issues are with engineering – the physics works,” says Carlo Kopp, who researches electromagnetic pulse weapons at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.

The army expects to have a prototype weapon working outside the lab by 2011. (ANI)

Daewoo Elec to pick buyers for TV and non-core units

SEOUL (Reuters) – South Korea’s Daewoo Electronics Corp is set to pick potential buyers for its non-core businesses, including TV manufacturing, by next week as it restructures to focus on appliances, its chief executive said on Wednesday.

Daewoo Electronics, once a flagship of the failed Daewoo Group but now owned by creditors, has put up unprofitable business units for sale after three failed attempts to sell the entire company.

The TV, air conditioner, vacuum cleaner and electronics parts businesses are on the sales block, to be purchased separately or in a package.

“There are several interested parties for each business we are selling,” CEO Lee Sung told reporters at a news conference. “We plan to name primary bidders by April 22.”

Lee did not identify any potential bidders but said those who submitted letters of intent include one foreign investor.

In earlier attempts to sell Daewoo, creditors mostly held talks with foreign companies. Ripplewood Holdings was the latest contender but talks with the U.S. private equity firm collapsed in January in the aftermath of the global financial crisis.

Prior to that, creditors also held failed negotiations with a consortium of India’s Videocon Industries (VEDI.BO) and RHJ International (RHJI.BR), the holding company for Ripplewood, as well as a private equity unit of Morgan Stanley (MS.N).

Lee said Daewoo would focus on its mainstay appliance products including refrigerators, washing machines and microwave ovens, which are expected to post 1.2 trillion won ($896.5 million) in sales and about 30 billion won in operating profit this year.

In 2008, Daewoo posted 3.2 billion won in operating profit on 1.9 trillion won in sales. Its TV business alone saw more than 40 billion won in operating loss last year.

Lee said the sale process for the restructured Daewoo Electronics could resume once the company fully turns around and improves cash flow. He did not elaborate.

Unlisted Daewoo was placed under a debt rescheduling program after its parent group went bankrupt in 1999. The company, which competes with low-priced Chinese producers and bigger local brands Samsung Electronics (005930.KS) and LG Electronics (066570.KS), generates more than 80 percent of its sales abroad.

($1=1338.5 Won)

(Reporting by Rhee So-eui; Editing by Marie-France Han and Jacqueline Wong)

Half of Universe’s starlight comes from young star-forming galaxies

Washington, April 9 (ANI): Using a two-tonne telescope, scientists from the University of Toronto and the University of British Columbia (UBC) have found that half of the starlight of the Universe comes from young, star-forming galaxies several billion light years away.

The finding was a result of a two-year analysis of data from the Balloon-borne Large-Aperture Sub-millimeter Telescope (BLAST) project.

“While those familiar optical images of the night sky contain many fascinating and beautiful objects, they are missing half of the picture in describing the cosmic history of star formation,” said UBC Astronomy Professor Douglas Scott.

“Stars are born in clouds of gas and dust,” said Barth Netterfield, a cosmologist in the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics at U of T.

“The dust absorbs the starlight, hiding the young stars from view. The brightest stars in the Universe are also the shortest lived and many never leave their stellar nursery. However, the warmed dust emits light at far-infrared and submillimetre wavelengths – invisible to the human eye, but visible to the sensitive thermo-detectors on BLAST,” he added.

According to UBC Professor Mark Halpern, part of the UBC team that also includes post-doctoral fellows Ed Chapin and Gaelen Marsden, “The history of star formation in the universe is written out in our data. It is beautiful. And it is just a taste of things to come.”

The study combines BLAST submillimetre observations at wavelengths around 0.3 mm – between infrared and microwave wavelengths – with data at much shorter infrared wavelengths from NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope.

It confirmed that all of the Far Infrared Background comes from individual distant galaxies, answering a decade-old question of the radiation’s origin.

“BLAST has given us a new view of the Universe,” said Netterfield, whose U of T colleagues on the project include department chair Peter G. Martin and graduate students Marco P. Viero, Donald V. Wiebe (now a post-doc at UBC) and Enzo Pascale (now a faculty member at Cardiff University).

“The data we collected enable us to make discoveries in topics ranging from the formation of stars to the evolution of distant galaxies,” he added. (ANI)