US army set for “hopping rotochut” that hops to avoid rubble trouble

London, September 19 (ANI): The U.S. army’s fleet of robots will soon be enhanced with the addition of forthcoming reconnaissance craft called the ‘hopping rotochute’, which will be capable of travelling deep into obstacle-ridden spaces like caves and rubble-laden buildings to video what it finds.

The self-righting probe is being developed for the Army Research Lab in Aberdeen, Maryland, by Eric Beyer and Mark Costello, a pair of robotics engineers at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta.

The project attains significance because present-day military robots, which run on small tank-style tracks, cannot cope with irregular surfaces and obstacles such as rubble or boulders.

“They usually have trouble and get stuck with even low obstacles and walls a couple of feet high,” says Costello.

Although small helicopters are one alternative, continuous flying drains the batteries fast.

Thus, Costello stresses the need for a rotor-powered, bottom-heavy, self-righting vehicle that spends most of its time on the ground, conserving battery power.

AS to whether repeated hopping might harm the craft, a spokesman for the Impact Centre at Cranfield University in Bedfordshire, UK, said: “From a crashworthiness point of view this concept looks perfectly feasible. There should be no problem with the vehicle surviving hundreds of impacts, which is roughly equivalent to dropping a mobile phone from waist height.” (ANI)

NASA’s Swift satellite makes best-ever ultraviolet portrait of Andromeda galaxy

Washington, September 17 (ANI): NASA’s Swift satellite has acquired the highest-resolution view of a neighboring spiral galaxy ever attained in the ultraviolet.

The galaxy, known as M31 in the constellation Andromeda, is the largest and closest spiral galaxy to our own.

“Swift reveals about 20,000 ultraviolet sources in M31, especially hot, young stars and dense star clusters,” said Stefan Immler, a research scientist on the Swift team at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

“Of particular importance is that we have covered the galaxy in three ultraviolet filters. That will let us study M31′s star-formation processes in much greater detail than previously possible,” he added.

M31, also known as the Andromeda Galaxy, is more than 220,000 light-years across and lies 2.5 million light-years away.

On a clear, dark night, the galaxy is faintly visible as a misty patch to the naked eye.

Between May 25 and July 26, 2008, Swift’s Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) acquired 330 images of M31 at wavelengths of 192.8, 224.6, and 260 nanometers.

The images represent a total exposure time of 24 hours.

The task of assembling the resulting 85 gigabytes of images fell to Erin Grand, an undergraduate student at the University of Maryland at College Park who worked with Immler as an intern this summer.

“After ten weeks of processing that immense amount of data, I’m extremely proud of this new view of M31,” she said.

Several features are immediately apparent in the new mosaic.

The first is the striking difference between the galaxy’s central bulge and its spiral arms.

“The bulge is smoother and redder because it’s full of older and cooler stars,” Immler explained. “Very few new stars form here because most of the materials needed to make them have been depleted,” he added.

Dense clusters of hot, young, blue stars sparkle beyond the central bulge.

M31′s disk and spiral arms contain most of the gas and dust needed to produce new generations of stars.

Star clusters are especially plentiful in an enormous ring about 150,000 light-years across.

“Swift is surveying nearby galaxies like M31 so astronomers can better understand star- formation conditions and relate them to conditions in the distant galaxies where we see gamma-ray bursts occurring,” said Neil Gehrels, the mission’s principal investigator at NASA Goddard. (ANI)

Smart people are sexier

Wellington, Sep 2 (ANI): A person’s sex quotient lies in his or her brain, according to a study that suggests that being smart is sexy, and the smartest males get the most partners.

Through a study on Australian birds, a team of researchers have lent support to the idea that our big human brain evolved because it is a sexually attractive organ, not just a useful one.

According to the above theory, signs of intelligence – such as creating art, music, and humour – could have made the brainiest people luckiest in love.

The theory was hugely discussed in the book ‘The Mating Mind’ by an evolutionary psychologist, Geoffrey Miller, almost a decade ago.

Jason Keagy, of the University of Maryland in the US, said that testing the theory in humans was very difficult, and thus he chose to observe satin bowerbirds at Wallaby Creek in NSW instead.

He claimed that Bowerbirds are intelligent.

“But they’re not as complex as humans,” Stuff.co.nz quoted him as saying.

Keagy could get an accurate record of the male birds’ sexual success by videotaping their every movement.

“They can’t really lie to us,” he said.

Known for their fascination with blue objects, bowerbirds have a strong aversion to red.

In the first IQ test, the researchers placed three red objects under a clear plastic container in their bower, and found that the smartest males could remove the cover and carry away the offending objects in 20 seconds.

“It looks pretty simple, but some weren’t able to do it,” said Keagy.

In a second braintwister, he glued a red object down and observed that some bowerbirds kept on trying in vain to pull it out, while the brighter ones quickly twigged this was impossible and covered it with leaves.

The males who failed the plastic container test were spurned.

“No females were mating with them,” said Keagy.

However, the smartest birds attracted up to 20 female partners a season.

“This is the first evidence [in any species] that individuals with better problem-solving abilities are more sexually attractive,” he said.

He claimed that greater intelligence could allow male bowerbirds to woo more females because they can build more elaborate bowers, are better dancers or are more responsive to subtle cues from the females during courtship.

Alternative theories to the mating mind include that our large brain evolved because it was advantageous for hunting or living in social groups, and cultural creativity was simply a fortuitous by-product of the struggle to survive.

The study has been published in the journal Animal Behaviour. (ANI)

Monkeys ‘groove to Metallica’s heavy metal music’

Washington, Sept 2 (ANI): Monkeys prefer silence to Mozart, but they are big fans of heavy metal music, in particular Metallica, a new study has found.

Music is a sure-shot way to influence human emotions. However, nonhuman primates scarcely respond to human music, and instead prefer silence.

Now, a new report by Charles Snowdon, a professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and musician David Teie of the University of Maryland has shown that a monkey called the cotton-top tamarin indeed responds to music.

And the catch here is: the South American monkeys are essentially immune to human music, but they respond appropriately to “monkey music,” 30-second clips composed by Teie on the basis of actual monkey calls.

In the study, the music was inspired by sounds the tamarins make to convey two opposite emotions: threats and/or fear, and affiliation, a friendly, safe and happy condition.

The group of cottontop tamarins were played a variety of music, including Bach, Led Zeppelin and Miles Davis, but they only reacted when heavy metal rock songs by Metallica were played.

The study, published this week (Sept. 1) in the journal Biology Letters, reported that the monkeys could tell the difference: For five minutes after hearing fear music, the monkeys displayed more symptoms of anxiety and increased their movement. In contrast, monkeys that heard “affiliative” music reduced their movements and increased their feeding behavior, both signs of a calming effect.

Monkeys interpret rising and falling tones differently than humans. Oddly, their only response to several samples of human music was a calming response to the heavy-metal band Metallica.

Non-human primates don’t seem to appreciate human music, Snowdon said, although research has suggested they prefer Mozart to rock music and silence to Mozart.

The study opens a new window into animal communication, Snowdon said.

“People have looked at animal communication in terms of conveying information – ‘I am hungry,’ or ‘I am afraid.’ But it’s much more than that. These musical elements are inducing a relatively long-term change in behavior of listeners. The affiliative music is making them calmer; they move less, eat and drink at a higher rate, and show less anxiety behavior,” the expert said. (ANI)

Warped debris disks around stars a result of interstellar wind

Washington, August 29 (ANI): In a new research, a team of scientists has determined that the warped shapes of the dust-filled disks where new planets may be forming around other stars, may be due to interstellar wind.

The dust-filled disks where new planets may be forming around other stars occasionally take on some difficult-to-understand shapes.

Now, a team led by John Debes at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, has found that a star’s motion through interstellar gas can account for many of them.

“The disks contain small comet- or asteroid-like bodies that may grow to form planets,” Debes said. “These small bodies often collide, which produces a lot of fine dust,” he added.

As the star moves through the galaxy, it encounters thin gas clouds that create a kind of interstellar wind.

“The small particles slam into the flow, slow down, and gradually bend from their original trajectories to follow it,” said Debes.

Far from being empty, the space between stars is filled with patchy clouds of low-density gas.

When a star encounters a relatively dense clump of this gas, the resulting flow produces a drag force on any orbiting dust particles.

The force only affects the smallest particles – those about one micrometer across, or about the size of particles in smoke.

“This fine dust is usually removed through collisions among the particles, radiation pressure from the star’s light and other forces,” explained Debes. “The drag from interstellar gas just takes them on a different journey than they otherwise would have had,” he said.

Working with Alycia Weinberger at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and Goddard astrophysicist Marc Kuchner, Debes was using the Hubble Space Telescope to investigate the composition of dust around the star HD 32297, which lies 340 light-years away in the constellation Orion.

He noticed that the interior of the dusty disk – a region comparable in size to our own solar system – was warped in a way that matched a previously known warp at larger distances.

“Other research indicated there were interstellar gas clouds in the vicinity. The pieces came together to make me think that gas drag was a good explanation for what was going on,” Debes said.

“It looks like interstellar gas helps young planetary systems shed dust much as a summer breeze helps dandelions scatter seeds,” Kuchner said.

As dust particles respond to the interstellar wind, a debris disk can morph into peculiar shapes determined by the details of its collision with the gas cloud. (ANI)

Scientists uncover vulnerable enzyme that can be targeted to kill dangerous pathogens

Washington, August 28 (ANI): A collaborative study conducted by researchers from three institutions in the U.S. has shown that an enzyme, which is essential to many bacteria, can be targeted to kill dangerous pathogens.

Experts at Burnham Institute for Medical Research (Burnham), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and University of Maryland have also identified chemical compounds that can inhibit this enzyme, and suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

Writing about their study in the journal Chemistry and Biology, the researchers say that their findings are essential to develop new broad-spectrum antibacterial agents to overcome multi-drug resistance.

Dr. Andrei Osterman, an associate professor in Burnham’s ioinformatics and Systems Biology program, targeted the acterial nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NadD), an essential enzyme for nicotinamide adenine dinculeotide (NAD) biosynthesis, which has many crucial functions in nearly all important pathogens.

The bacterial NadD differs significantly from the human enzyme.

“It’s clear that because of bacterial resistance, we need new, wide-spectrum antibiotics. This enzyme is indispensable in many pathogens, so finding ways to inhibit it could give us new options against infection,” said Dr. Osterman.

The research team used a structure-based approach to search for low-molecular-weight compounds that would selectively inhibit bacterial NadD, but not the human equivalent, by screening, in silico, more than a million compounds.

In their experiments, they tested the best predicted compounds against Escherichia coli and Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), which led them to a handful of versatile inhibitory chemotypes, which they explored in detail.

Using protein crystallography, a 3D structure of the enzyme in complex with one of the inhibitors was solved providing guidelines for further drug improvement.

“This is proof-of-concept that NadD is a good target to create antibacterial agents. This knowledge will be useful for both biodefense and public health. The next step is to find better inhibitors. We do not have a silver bullet yet, but we are certainly hitting a golden target,” said Dr Osterman.

The research was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (ANI)

Scientists come closer to ‘synthetic life’ in lab

London, Aug 21 (ANI): A group of scientists has created a new “engineered” strain of bacteria – a development which could be described as a step towards the creation of “synthetic life”.

The team, including scientist J Craig Venter, a leading figure in the controversial field of synthetic biology, has successfully transferred the genome of one type of bacteria into a yeast cell, modified it, and then transplanted into another bacterium.

The study paves the way to the creation of a synthetic organism – inserting a human-made genome into a bacterial cell.

It has been described in the journal Science.

According to boffins, the advancement overcomes the obstacle of making a new inserted genome work inside a recipient cell.

The resulting cell Sanjay Vashee, one of the authors, and his team created went on to undertake multiple rounds of cell division, to produce a new strain of the modified bacteria.

Vashee is a researcher at the J. Craig Venter Institute in Rockville, Maryland, in the US. He explained to BBC News: “Bacteria have ‘immune’ systems that protect them from foreign DNA such as those from viruses.”

The scientists disabled the immune system, which consists of proteins called restriction enzymes that home in on specific sections of DNA and chop up the genome at these points.

Bacteria can shield their own genomes from this process by attaching chemical compounds called methyl groups at the points which the restriction enzymes attack.

The scientists modified the original genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides, whilst it was inside the yeast cell. Then they either attached methyl groups to it, or inactivated the restriction enzyme of the recipient bacterium, before transplanting the genome into its new cell.

The team aims to transplant a fully synthetic genome into a bacterial cell – creating bacteria that can be programmed to carry out specific functions – for example, digesting biological material to produce fuel. (ANI)

NASA scientists make first discovery of life’s building block in comet

Washington, August 18 (ANI): NASA scientists have discovered glycine, a fundamental building block of life, in samples of comet Wild 2 returned by NASA’s Stardust spacecraft.

“Glycine is an amino acid used by living organisms to make proteins, and this is the first time an amino acid has been found in a comet,” said Dr. Jamie Elsila of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

“Our discovery supports the theory that some of life’s ingredients formed in space and were delivered to Earth long ago by meteorite and comet impacts,” he added.

“The discovery of glycine in a comet supports the idea that the fundamental building blocks of life are prevalent in space, and strengthens the argument that life in the universe may be common rather than rare,” said Dr. Carl Pilcher, Director of the NASA Astrobiology Institute, which co-funded the research.

Stardust passed through dense gas and dust surrounding the icy nucleus of Wild 2 on January 2, 2004.

As the spacecraft flew through this material, a special collection grid filled with aerogel – a novel sponge-like material that’s more than 99 percent empty space – gently captured samples of the comet’s gas and dust.

The grid was stowed in a capsule, which detached from the spacecraft and parachuted to Earth on January 15, 2006.

Since then, scientists around the world have been busy analyzing the samples to learn the secrets of comet formation and our solar system’s history.

“We actually analyzed aluminum foil from the sides of tiny chambers that hold the aerogel in the collection grid,” said Elsila.

“As gas molecules passed through the aerogel, some stuck to the foil. We spent two years testing and developing our equipment to make it accurate and sensitive enough to analyze such incredibly tiny samples,” he added.

Earlier, preliminary analysis in the Goddard labs detected glycine in both the foil and a sample of the aerogel.

However, since glycine is used by terrestrial life, at first the team was unable to rule out contamination from sources on Earth.

The new research used isotopic analysis of the foil to rule out that possibility.

“We discovered that the Stardust-returned glycine has an extraterrestrial carbon isotope signature, indicating that it originated on the comet,” said Elsila.

According to Dr. Daniel Glavin of NASA Goddard, “Based on the foil and aerogel results it is highly probable that the entire comet-exposed side of the Stardust sample collection grid is coated with glycine that formed in space.” (ANI)

New military robot to fuel itself by gobbling up dead bodies

Washington, July 15 (ANI): A Maryland company under contract to the Pentagon is working on a steam-powered robot that would fuel itself by gobbling up whatever organic material it can find – grass, wood, old furniture, or even dead bodies.

Robotic Technology Inc.’s Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot (EATR) “can find, ingest, and extract energy from biomass in the environment (and other organically-based energy sources), as well as use conventional and alternative fuels (such as gasoline, heavy fuel, kerosene, diesel, propane, coal, cooking oil, and solar) when suitable,” reads the company’s Web site.

Animal and human corpses contain plenty of energy, and they’d be plentiful in a war zone.

EATR will be powered by the Waste Heat Engine developed by Cyclone Power Technology of Pompano Beach, Florida, which uses an “external combustion chamber” burning up fuel to heat up water in a closed loop, generating electricity.

The advantages to the military are that the robot would be extremely flexible in fuel sources and could roam on its own for months, even years, without having to be refueled or serviced.

Upon the EATR platform, the Pentagon could build all sorts of things – a transport, an ambulance, a communications center, even a mobile gunship.

Robotic Technology is presenting EATR as an essentially benign artificial creature that fills its belly through “foraging,” despite the obvious military purpose. (ANI)

Still much criticism of US Foreign Policy: Global Poll(EMBARGOED TILL 6.30 P.M)

College Park (Maryland), July 7 (ANI): A new WorldPublicOpinion.org poll finds that around the world US foreign policy continues to receive heavy criticism on a variety of fronts, even though in 13 of 19 nations most people say they have confidence in President Obama to do the right thing in international affairs.

The US is criticized for coercing other nations with its superior power (15 of 19 nations), failing to abide by international law (17 of 19 nations), and for how it is dealing with climate change (11 of 18 nations).

Overall, views are mixed on whether the US is playing a mainly positive or mainly negative role in the world.

Asked whether they have confidence in Barack Obama to “do the right thing regarding world affairs,” for all countries (excluding the US) an average of 61 percent say they have some or a lot of confidence.

But asked how the US treats their government, few-on average just one in four-say it “treats us fairly,” while two-thirds say that it “abuses its greater power to make us do what the US wants.” Overall, these views are no better than they were in 2008. Only three countries diverged from this view (Kenya, Nigeria, and Germany).

In all nations polled, majorities say that the US “use(s) the threat of military force to gain advantages.” Majorities range from 61 percent in India and Poland to 92 percent in South Korea and include America’s close ally Great Britain (83 percent). On average, across all nations polled, 77 percent perceive the US as threatening. Even 71 percent of Americans agree.

Steven Kull, director of WorldPublicOpinion.org comments, “Most people around the world seem to have a positive view of the young new captain at the helm of the American ship of state, though many people see this huge ship as still carrying forward domineering policies.”

WorldPublicOpinion.org conducted the poll of 19,914 respondents in 20 nations that comprise 62 percent of the world’s population. This includes most of the largest nations-China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Russia-as well as Mexico, Germany, Great Britain, France, Poland, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Kenya, Egypt, Turkey, Iraq, the Palestinian territories, and South Korea. Polling was also conducted in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau.

WorldPublicOpinion.org, a collaborative project involving research centers from around the world, is managed by the Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) at the University of Maryland. The margins of error range from 3 to 4 percent. Not all questions were asked in all nations.

The survey was conducted between April 4 and June 12, 2009, prior to Obama’s speech in Cairo but subsequent to his Ankara speech.

Funding for this research was provided by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Calvert Foundation. (ANI)

Earth may become ‘Waterworld’ if rise in sea level continues

London, July 2 (ANI): If the alarming rise in sea level is anything to go by, the fictional world depicted in the Hollywood movie ‘Waterworld’ may soon be a reality.

According to a report in the Telegraph, this grim picture of planet Earth has been painted by climate scientists, who say that sea-level rise is now inevitable and will happen much quicker than most of us thought – and will last for centuries.

Even if greenhouse gas emissions stopped tomorrow, the oceans will continue to swell as they warm and as glaciers or ice sheets slide into the sea.

Scientists say that the “official” estimate of sea level rise by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – 20cm to 60cm by 2100 – is misleading.

It could well be in the region of one to two metres, with a small risk of an even greater rise.

“When we talk of sea level rising by one or two metres by 2100 remember that it is still going to be rising after 2100,” said climate expert Dr Eric Rignot, of California University.

According to Dr Stefan Rahmstorf, of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany, “”There is a very close and statistically highly significant correlation between the rate of sea level rise and the temperature increase above the pre-industrial background level.”

His calculations suggest sea level will rise between 0.5 and 1.4 metres – and the higher estimate is more likely because emissions have been rising faster than the IPCC’s worst case scenario.

“I sense than now a majority of sea level experts would agree with me that the IPCC projections are much too low,” he said.Most of my community is comfortable expecting at least a metre by the end of this century,” said Dr Robert Bindschadler, of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre in Maryland.

For many islands and low lying regions including much of the Netherlands, Florida and Bangladesh even small rises will spell catastrophe.

Large parts of London, New York, Sydney and Tokyo could be among cities submerged beneath the waves unless a massive engineering effort can protect them against the waves. (ANI)

Duckbilled dino had skin like birds and crocodiles

Washington, July 1 (ANI): A new study of a remarkably preserved fossil of a duckbilled dinosaur has revealed that the prehistoric reptile had skin like that of birds and crocodiles.

According to a report in National Geographic News, advanced imaging and chemical techniques revealed that the 66-million-year-old “mummified” duckbilled dinosaur had two layers of skin, as do modern vertebrates, including humans.

Such a discovery was possible because the dinosaur’s skin fossilized before bacteria had a chance to eat up the tissue.

It is “absolutely amazing to be able to identify organic molecules from soft tissue that belonged to a beast that died over 66 million years ago,” said excavation leader Phillip Manning, a paleontologist at Britain’s University of Manchester. “It’s certainly in my top ten all-time (most significant) fossils,” he added.

Tyler Lyson, a teenager at the time, discovered Dakota, as the fossil was later dubbed, in 1999 on his family’s North Dakota property.

No one knows how the hippo-size animal died. But, scientists do know that the body was probably buried rapidly.

The resulting low-oxygen environment and the apparent lack of disturbance to the site made Dakota a “world-class dinosaur” fossil, according to the new study.

With electron microscopes and x-rays, Manning discovered that Dakota had cell-like structures indicative of two-ply skin: a thin surface layer plus an underlying layer of dense connective tissues.

That’s just like skin of modern birds and reptiles, which scientists believe are closely related to duckbilled dinosaurs.

Protein-recovery techniques used on the skin and a claw detected amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.

Proteins themselves, complex molecules that degrade easily over time, were not found, however.

But, Manning did identify molecules that would have broken down proteins in Dakota’s body.

That’s like finding fragments of a broken vase instead of the intact vase, explained Tom Holtz, a vertebrate paleontologist at the University of Maryland.

“What’s really nice about the new research is this protein-recovery strategy. It’s the first time the skin of such a big plant-eating dinosaur has been analyzed so deeply,” said Holtz.

“That Dakota’s skin resembles modern vertebrate skin is not surprising but nonetheless comforting,” he added.

Understanding the exact environments that froze Dakota in time may help paleontologists better target future fossil hunts, according to lead study author Manning. (ANI)

Hand-held devices that can detect presence of aerosols in air above oceans

Washington, June 30 (ANI): A team of scientists is developing hand-held devices that can detect the presence of aerosols in air above oceans by measuring how light scatters as it strikes the particles.

The portable photometers have been developed by Alexander Smirnov, an AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and his team.

Aerosols, the tiny atmospheric particles that can have an outsized impact on the climate, are just as likely to be found in the air above the oceans as they are over land.

Yet, aerosols are scarcely measured over the oceans.

Now, Smirnov, who is leading a new effort called the Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN), will send researchers with portable photometers on oceanographic research cruises.

The hand-held devices can detect the presence of aerosols in air by measuring how light scatters as it strikes the particles.

Taking the measurements is relatively easy.

Several times a day, a researcher stands on a ship’s deck when the sun is fully visible, points the instrument at the sun, and pushes a button. The photometer performs a series of scans within a few seconds.

Smirnov has arranged to have the have handheld photometers carried aboard more than 50 vessels, both commercial and research, from 12 countries since November 2006.

Initial results show that data from the portable photometers correspond well with permanent AERONET stations on select islands.

The initial efforts have produced a tantalizing observation.

“Aerosol concentrations over the oceans at the high latitudes are not as high as satellite measurements suggest they should be,” said Smirnov. “We need to figure out why we’re seeing this difference,” he added. (ANI)

58 percent of world’s seagrass meadows on the decline

Washington, June 30 (ANI): An international team of scientists has warned that accelerating losses of seagrasses across the globe threaten the immediate health and long-term sustainability of coastal ecosystems, with 58 percent of world’s seagrass meadows currently declining.

The assessment, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, shows an acceleration of annual seagrass loss from less than 1 percent per year before 1940 to 7 percent per year since 1990.

Based on more than 215 studies and 1,800 observations dating back to 1879, the assessment shows that seagrasses are disappearing at rates similar to coral reefs and tropical rainforests.

The team estimates that seagrasses have been disappearing at the rate of 110 square-kilometers (42.4 square-miles) per year since 1980 and cites two primary causes for the decline: direct impacts from coastal development and dredging activities, and indirect impacts of declining water quality.

“A recurring case of ‘coastal syndrome’ is causing the loss of seagrasses worldwide,” said co-author Dr. William Dennison of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science.

“The combination of growing urban centers, artificially hardened shorelines and declining natural resources has pushed coastal ecosystems out of balance. Globally, we lose a seagrass meadow the size of a soccer field every thirty minutes,” he added.

“While the loss of seagrasses in coastal ecosystems is daunting, the rate of this loss is even more so,” said co-author Dr. Robert Orth of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science of the College of William and Mary.

“With the loss of each meadow, we also lose the ecosystem services they provide to the fish and shellfish relying on these areas for nursery habitat,” he explained.

“The consequences of continuing losses also extend far beyond the areas where seagrasses grow, as they export energy in the form of biomass and animals to other ecosystems including marshes and coral reefs,” he added.

“With 45 percent of the world’s population living on the 5 percent of land adjacent to the coast, pressures on remaining coastal seagrass meadows are extremely intense,” said co-author Dr. Tim Carruthers of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science.

“As more and more people move to coastal areas, conditions only get tougher for seagrass meadows that remain,” he added.

Seagrasses profoundly influence the physical, chemical and biological environments of coastal waters.

A unique group of submerged flowering plants, seagrasses provide critical habitat for aquatic life, alter water flow and can help mitigate the impact of nutrient and sediment pollution. (ANI)

NASA uses satellite to improve global crop forecasting

Washington, May 27 (ANI): NASA researchers are using satellite data to cultivate the most accurate estimates of soil moisture, which would improve global crop forecasting.

Soil moisture is essential for seeds to germinate and for crops to grow. But, record droughts and scorching temperatures in certain parts of the globe in recent years have caused soil to dry up, crippling crop production.

The falling food supply in some regions has forced prices upward, pushing staple foods out of reach for millions of poor people.

Now, NASA researchers are using satellite data to deliver a kind of space-based humanitarian assistance.

They are cultivating the most accurate estimates of soil moisture and improving global forecasts of how well food will grow at a time when the world is confronting shortages.

In this context, NASA scientist John Bolten described a new modeling product that uses data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) sensor on NASA’s Aqua satellite to improve the accuracy of West African soil moisture.

The group produced assessments of current soil moisture conditions, or “nowcasts,” and improved estimates by 5 percent over previous methods.

“Though seemingly small and incremental, the increase can make a big difference in the precision of crop forecasts,” Bolten said.

The modeling innovation comes at a time when crop analysts at agencies like the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) are working to meet the food shortage problem head on.

They combine soil moisture estimates with weather trends to produce up-to-date forecasts of crop harvests.

Those estimates help regional and national officials prepare for and prevent food crises.

“The USDA’s estimates of global crop yields are an objective, timely benchmark of food availability and help drive international commodity markets,” said Bolten, a physical scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.

Crop analysts must estimate root-zone soil moisture, the amount of water beneath the surface available for plants to absorb.

But estimating the amount of water in soil has posed challenges and data gaps.

Under a new NASA-USDA collaboration known as the Global Agriculture Monitoring Project, Bolten and colleagues from the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service are using AMSR-E to fill the data gaps with daily soil moisture “snapshots.”

Since its launch in 2002, the instrument has “seen” through clouds, and light vegetation like crops and grasses to detect the amount of soil moisture beneath Earth’s surface.

Bolten says that results from AMSR-E are just a precursor to dramatic new improvements in data and prediction accuracy researchers expect from the Soil Moisture Active and Passive satellite, slated to launch in 2013. (ANI)

Arthritis drug may help fight flu

Washington, May 27 (ANI): A drug commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis has been found to reduce some of the severe symptoms of the Influenza A virus infection, say researchers from University of Maryland.

The study suggests that tempering the response of the body’s immune system to influenza infection may alleviate some of the more severe illness and even reduce mortality from this virus.

The team found that mice infected with the Influenza A virus responded favourably to a drug called Abatacept, which is commonly used to treat people with rheumatoid arthritis.

“We found that treating the mice with Abatacept minimized tissue damage caused by the immune response, but still enabled the body to rid itself of the virus,” said Dr Donna L. Farber, a professor of surgery and microbiology and immunology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and the study’s senior author.

“The mice didn’t become as sick, recovered much faster and had much less damage to the lungs, compared to mice that weren’t given the drug.

“Moreover, treatment with Abatacept significantly improved survival for mice infected with a lethal dose of influenza virus,” she added.

The treated mice were 80 percent more likely to survive the infection, compared to 50 percent for those who weren’t treated.

“We believe that our findings are very significant because they provide a potential new treatment for infection by the influenza virus – one that would dampen the immune response, yet still preserve its protective effects,” said Dr. Farber.

The study appears in The Journal of Immunology. (ANI)

Shellfish threatened by rising levels of CO2

Washington, May 27 (ANI): In a new research, scientists have discovered that shellfish are threatened from rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) that contribute to the acidification of open ocean.

The research was done by Smithsonian scientists, led by Whitman Miller, ecologist at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland.

For shellfish and other organisms that have calcium carbonate shells and structures, the problem begins when atmospheric CO2 dissolves in seawater and creates carbonic acid that is then rapidly transformed into carbonate and bicarbonate ions in the water.

Increased acidity tips the balance toward bicarbonate formation and away from carbonate.

Less carbonate in the water means that shellfish have fewer building blocks to generate their shells. If the water is acidic enough, shells can even begin to dissolve.

“Estuarine and coastal ecosystems may be especially vulnerable to changes in water chemistry caused by elevated CO2 because their relative shallowness, reduced salinity and lower alkalinity makes them inherently less buffered to changes in pH than in the open ocean,” said Miller.

For many calcifying organisms, CO2-induced acidification poses a serious challenge because these organisms may experience reduced rates of growth and calcification that “when combined with other environmental stresses, could spell disaster,” he added.

In Miller’s study, the larvae of Eastern oysters and Suminoe oysters were cultured in estuarine water that was held at four separate CO2 concentrations, reflecting atmospheric conditions from the pre-industrial era, the present, and those predicted in the coming 50 and 100 years.

To test the effects of acidification, Miller monitored their growth and measured the amounts of calcium carbonate deposited in larval shells over the course of one month.

Miller and his team found that Eastern oysters experienced a 16 percent decrease in shell area and a 42 percent reduction in calcium content when specimens in the pre-industrial CO2 treatment were compared with those exposed to the levels predicted for the year 2100.

The results reported suggest that the impacts of acidification may be tied to a species’ unique evolutionary history and environmental setting, implying that predictions may be more complex than previously thought.

“In the Chesapeake Bay, oysters are barely holding on, where disease and overfishing have nearly wiped them out,” said Miller.
Whether acidification will push Eastern oysters, and the many species that depend on them, beyond a critical tipping point remains to be seen,” he added. (ANI)

Global warming still looms large as threat to Polar Bears

Washington, May 26 (ANI): In a new research, scientists have strengthened the forecasts of polar bear populations and their likely responses to climate change, by refuting criticisms of the scientific basis for listing the polar bear under the Endangered Species Act.

The research, by a team of scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), University of Alaska, University of Maryland, Canadian Wildlife Service and the US Forest Service, refutes point-by-point a widely publicized critique of polar bear population predictions.

The new rebuttal reinforces the reports written by the scientists and accepted by the Department of Interior in its May 2008 decision to list polar bears as a threatened species on the U.S. Endangered Species Act.

“The decision to list the polar bear as threatened was politically charged, and the scientific research on which it was based attracted some criticisms,” said WHOI biologist Hal Caswell, an author on two of the USGS reports and of the rebuttal.

“Our new study shows that the critique is incorrect and based on misconceptions about climate models, the Arctic environment, polar bear biology, and statistical and mathematical methods,” he added.

The rebuttal was published in the journal Interfaces online on April 22, 2009, and will be published in the July-August print edition.

In 2007, when the Department of the Interior was considering listing the polar bear under the Endangered Species Act, it asked the USGS to assemble an international team to analyze information on polar bear populations.

The team estimated the probabilities of future polar bear population growth or decline.

The USGS-led group presented its reports in fall 2007, and in May 2008, the Department of Interior listed the polar bear as a threatened species under the US Endangered Species Act.

Following that listing, a critique of the USGS reports was published in the Sept.-Oct. 2008 issue of the journal Interfaces.

“After going through their report, however, we decided we needed to do a rebuttal of this, and in the end, we went point by point to refute their criticism,” said Caswell.

According to Caswell, “We began by explaining why the sea ice habitat of polar bears is declining and showing how climate models, outputs from which we used as inputs to our analyses, are reliable for forecasting the future climate.”

“Finally, we took a look at their principles of forecasting, and found they are too ambiguous and subjective to be used as a reliable basis for auditing scientific investigations,” he said. (ANI)

Arab world has mixed views on Obama

Washington, May 25 (ANI): A new survey has found that just over half of the Arab respondents from six countries say they are “somewhat hopeful” or “very hopeful” about US President Barack Obama’s Middle East policy.

A Jerusalem Post report says that twenty-eight percent are neither hopeful nor discouraged, while 14 percent are somewhat discouraged or very discouraged.

The 2009 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey also found that 77 percent of respondents have a “very unfavorable” or “somewhat unfavorable” attitude toward the United States, down from 83 percent last year.nd most considered Israel and the United States, in that order, to be the countries that posed the greatest threat to them.

The results of the survey, conducted by the University of Maryland with Zogby International, were released ahead of Obama’s highly anticipated address to the Muslim world, to be delivered in Cairo on June 4th.

The poll queried nearly 4,090 respondents during April-May 2009 from Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. ccording to the survey, the most central issues in judging the Obama administration will be his performance on Iraq, the Arab-Palestinian conflict and attitudes toward the Arab and Muslim world.

Obama has made a special effort to reach out to the Arab and Muslim world since he took office earlier this year, apparently attempting to refashion America’s foreign policy image, which took a beating during the previous US administration.

The poll, which has an error margin of 1.6 percent, also found that 45 percent of respondents have very positive or somewhat positive views of Obama himself, while 24 percent have somewhat negative or very negative views. (ANI)

Americans examining satellite images for evidence of war crimes in Sri Lanka

Washington, May 22 (ANI): US military satellites secretly monitored Sri Lanka’s conflict zone through the latter stages of the war against the Tamil Tigers and American officials are examining images for evidence of war crimes.

The images are of a higher resolution than any that are available commercially and could bolster the case for an international war crimes inquiry when the UN Human Rights Council holds a session on Sri Lanka next week, The Times reports.

The National Geo-spatial Intelligence Agency (NGA), based in Bethesda, Maryland, which is part of the Department of Defence, is said to have undertaken this task.

Marshall Hudson, a spokesman for the NGA, told The Times that the agency had been monitoring the conflict zone and had provided images to the State Department, some of which were released to the media in April.

“It’s a safe assumption that we didn’t release everything that we have,” he said.

He declined to give further details.

Sri Lanka declared victory in its 26-year civil war on Tuesday after killing or capturing the last of the Tigers.

Britain, the EU and Ban Ki Moon, the UN Secretary-General, have called for an investigation into allegations that both sides committed war crimes repeatedly, including firing on civilians.(ANI)