Laboratory Mice | SilverScorpio.Com

Mice show pain via facial expressions, just like humans

May 10, 2010 By vani Leave a Comment

London, May 10 (ANI): Just like humans, mice too express pain through facial expressions, revealed a new study by researchers from McGill University and the University of British Columbia.

McGill Psychology Prof. Jeffrey Mogil, UBC Psychology Prof. Kenneth Craig and their respective teams have discovered that when subjected to moderate pain stimuli, mice showed discomfort through facial expressions in the same way humans do.

The study also details the development of a Mouse Grimace Scale that could inform better treatments for humans and improve conditions for lab animals.

Because pain research relies heavily on rodent models, an accurate measurement of pain is paramount in understanding the most pervasive and important symptom of chronic pain, namely spontaneous pain, said Mogil.

“The Mouse Grimace Scale provides a measurement system that will both accelerate the development of new analgesics for humans, but also eliminate unnecessary suffering of laboratory mice in biomedical research. There are also serious implications for the improvement of veterinary care more generally,” Nature quoted Mogil as saying.

This is the first time researchers have successfully developed a scale to measure spontaneous responses in animals that resemble human responses to those same painful states.

For the study, the researchers analysed images of mice before and during moderate pain stimuli – for example, the injection of dilute inflammatory substances, as are commonly used around the world for testing pain sensitivity in rodents.

Researchers said that the level of pain studied could be comparable to a headache or the pain associated with an inflamed and swollen finger easily treated by common analgesics like Aspirin or Tylenol.

Then, the researchers sent the images to Craig”s lab at UBC, where facial pain coding experts used them to develop the scale.

They proposed that five facial features be scored: orbital tightening (eye closing), nose and cheek bulges and ear and whisker positions according to the severity of the stimulus.

Craig”s laboratory had previously established studying facial expression as the standard for assessing pain in human infants and others with verbal communication limitations.

This work is an example of successful “bedside-to-bench” translation, where a technique known to be relevant in our species is adapted for use in laboratory experiments.

Further research will investigate whether the scale works equally well in other species, whether analgesic drugs given to mice after surgical procedures work well at their commonly prescribed doses, and whether mice can respond to the facial pain cues of other mice.

The study has been published in the journal Nature Methods. (ANI)

Filed Under: International News Tagged With: accurate measurement, facial expressions, facial features, Facial Pain, human responses, Images Of Mice, Jeffrey Mogil, lab animals, laboratory mice, Mcgill Psychology, Mcgill University, Measurement System, Moderate Pain, pain sensitivity, psychology prof, Rodent Models, Spontaneous Responses, time researchers, university of british columbia, Veterinary Care

Revolutionary capsule offers hope to diabetics

March 29, 2010 By vani Leave a Comment

London, March 29 (ANI): A revolutionary technique that has been found to successfully treat the symptoms of gout could result in a new form of therapy for a range of other medical conditions – such as diabetes and obesity, say experts.

Gout is caused by a build up of uric acid in the bloodstream, which results in crystals of uric acid being deposited in the kidneys and joints, leading to bouts of extreme pain.

Professor Martin Fussenegger of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich designed a ‘molecular prosthesis’ to treat gout, which is made from human cells designed to detect an increase in levels of uric acid and to respond by secreting an enzyme called urate oxydase, which destroys uric acid.

The treatment consists of implanting a small plastic capsule under the skin, which is loaded with genetically engineered cells taken from the patients themselves.

The capsule effectively works as a synthetic organ balancing the body”s chemicals and hormones.

“We have constructed a synthetic genetic circuitry that can detect uric acid in the bloodstream and process this information to produce a therapeutic response,” the Independent quoted Fussenegger as saying.

Tests on laboratory mice have proved the efficacy of the new technique.

According to scientists, human clinical trials could begin in two years.

The researchers hope to adapt the technique so that the genetically engineered human cells living in the plastic capsules can be programmed to deal with a range of other metabolic disorders, such as the hormonal imbalances leading to diabetes and obesity.

The new research has been published in the journal Nature Biotechnology. (ANI)

Filed Under: International News Tagged With: Extreme Pain, Fussenegger, Genetic Circuitry, gout, Hormonal Imbalances, human cells, Journal Nature Biotechnology, laboratory mice, london march, Metabolic Disorders, Oxydase, Plastic Capsule, Plastic Capsules, professor martin, Prosthesis, Revolutionary Technique, swiss federal institute, swiss federal institute of technology, Symptoms Of Gout, Therapeutic Response

Key culprits in lupus disease identified

June 30, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, June 30 (ANI): Scripps Research Institute researchers have identified three new proteins that play a role in the development of lupus erythematosus (or lupus), a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect different body parts, including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs.

Lupus is one of several autoimmune diseases in which the immune system turns against parts of the body, destroying the very cells and tissues it is meant to protect.

Scripps Research Professor of Immunology and Microbial Science Dwight Kono demonstrated that three proteins, called Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are necessary for this autodestruction to occur.

TLRs are proteins found in immune cells that normally help stimulate the initial response of the immune system to foreign pathogens. Humans have 10 different types of TLRs.

While, some of them sit on the surface of immune cells, other TLRs-TLR 3, TLR7, and TLR 9-reside inside immune cells, in a compartment known as the endolysosome, where bits of foreign substances usually end up.

By engineering mice that lack either TLR 7 or TLR9, scientists have gathered evidence that these TLRs may play a role in the disease.

“Earlier studies had strongly suggested that endolysosomal TLRs were important, but if you eliminate one or the other you do not get a huge effect,” said Kono.

To answer this question, Kono and colleagues took advantage of strains of laboratory mice prone to lupus. These mice spontaneously develop many of the same signs and symptoms as humans with the disease.

The next step was to eliminate TLR 3, TLR 7, and TLR 9 in these lupus-prone mice.

They found that the mice lacking functioning TLR 3, TLR 7, and TLR 9 did not develop lupus.

“It seems like these three TLRs are absolutely required for optimal autoantibody production,” said Kono.

“This is an important finding that builds on results obtained by other groups,” Kono added.

The study is published in the Early Edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). (ANI)

Filed Under: Science News Tagged With: academy, advantage, ANI, autoantibody, autodestruction, autoimmune diseases, blood, blood cells, body, cells and tissues, Chronic Inflammatory Disease, compartment, culprits, Development, disease, Dwight Kono, Early Edition, edition, effect, endolysosomal, endolysosome, engineering, evidence, finding, heart, Heart And Lungs, humans, immune cells, immunology, initial response, institute, Institute Researchers, June, key, Laboratory, laboratory mice, lack, lupus, Lupus Disease, Lupus Erythematosus, microbial, Microbial Science, national, optimal, PNAS, proceedings, production, professor, prone mice, question, Research, research professor, response, role, Science, Scripps, scripps research institute, skin, step, study, surface, system, TLR, TLRs, TLRs-TLR, Toll Like Receptors, Toll-like, Washington

Why eczema often leads to asthma

May 19, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, May 19 (ANI): Many young children who get a severe skin rash develop asthma later. Now, researchers from Washington University have shed light on what leads to progression from eczema, or atopic dermatitis, to breathing problems.

The doctors call this progression the atopic march.

In the new study, researchers have shown that a substance secreted by damaged skin circulates through the body and triggers asthmatic symptoms in allergen-exposed laboratory mice.

Early treatment of skin rash and inhibition of the trigger substance might block asthma development in young patients with eczema.

“Over the years, the clinical community has struggled to explain atopic march,” said study author Dr Raphael Kopan, professor of developmental biology and of dermatology.

“So when we found that the skin of mice with an eczema-like condition produced a substance previously implicated in asthma, we decided to investigate further.

“We found that the mice also suffered from asthma-like responses to inhaled allergens, implicating the substance, called TSLP, as the link between eczema and asthma,” he added.

The researchers found that cells in damaged skin can secrete TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin), a compound capable of eliciting a powerful immune response.

And because the skin is so effective in secreting TSLP into the blood system, the substance travels throughout the body. When it reaches the lungs, it triggers the hypersensitivity characteristic of asthma.

“We are excited because we’ve narrowed down the problem of atopic march to one molecule,” said Kopan.

“We’ve shown that skin can act as a signalling organ and drive allergic inflammation in the lung by releasing TSLP. Now it will be important to address how to prevent defective skin from producing TSLP. If that can be done, the link between eczema and asthma could be broken,” he added.

The findings are published in Public Library of Science Biology. (ANI)

Filed Under: Science News Tagged With: allergen, allergens., allergic inflammation, asthmatic symptoms, atopic dermatitis, atopic march, blood system, breathing problems, developmental biology, eczema, immune response, inhibition, laboratory mice, public library of science, public library of science biology, raphael kopan, skin rash, stromal, study author, study researchers

Common virus may cause high blood pressure

May 15, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, May 15 (ANI): A common virus affecting 60 to 99 percent of adults worldwide can be a major cause of high blood pressure, finds a new study.
The research team from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) showed that when combined with other risk factors for heart disease, the cytomegalovirus (CMV), can lead to the development of atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries.

“CMV infects humans all over the world,” said co-senior author Dr Clyde Crumpacker, an investigator in the Division of Infectious Diseases at BIDMC and Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School.

“This new discovery may eventually provide doctors with a whole new approach to treating hypertension, with anti-viral therapies or vaccines becoming part of the prescription,” Crumpacker added.

CMV affects all age groups and is the source of congenital infection, mononucleosis, and severe infection in transplant patients.

In the study using mouse models, the scientists examined four groups of laboratory mice.

Two groups of animals were fed a standard diet and two groups were fed a high cholesterol diet. After a period of four weeks, one standard diet mouse group and one high-cholesterol diet mouse group were infected with the CMV virus.

They found that CMV-infected mice had increased blood pressure compared with the uninfected group.

Moreover, 30 percent of the CMV-infected mice that were fed a high-cholesterol diet not only exhibited increased blood pressure, but also showed signs of having developed atherosclerosis.

“This strongly suggests that the CMV infection and the high-cholesterol diet might be working together to cause atherosclerosis,” said Crumpacker.

A second analysis found that infection of a mouse kidney cell line with murine CMV led to an increase in expression of the renin enzyme, which has been known to activate the renin-angiotensin system and lead to high blood pressure. (ANI)

Filed Under: Health News Tagged With: beth israel deaconess, beth israel deaconess medical, beth israel deaconess medical center, BIDMC, cause of high blood pressure, cmv infection, cmv virus, congenital infection, cytomegalovirus cmv, deaconess medical center, Hardening Of The Arteries, harvard medical school, high blood pressure, high cholesterol diet, israel deaconess medical center, laboratory mice, mouse models, new discovery, renin angiotensin system, risk factors for heart disease

‘Smart bomb’ drug delivery may boost effectiveness of prostate cancer imaging

April 22, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, Apr 22 (ANI): Researchers from Johns Hopkins University have identified a novel way to combine imaging with chemotherapy in a single agent for the treatment of prostate cancer.

According to lead researcher Dr John P. Sedelaar, a postdoctoral research fellow at Johns Hopkins University, conventional methods include multimodality MRI to examine the urological system for diagnosing prostate cancer.

However, this tool is mostly thought of as a prostate imaging method, rather than a prostate cancer imaging method.

“An increasing number of patients have minimal prostate cancer, and opt for either very focused treatment or the watchful waiting approach,” said Sedelaar.

“In this environment, the need for an accurate imaging tool is paramount,” he added.

The researchers have designed two imaging drugs: a PSMA and a PSA-activated pro-drug. These agents are therapeutic drugs that are modified by adding a tyrosine ring for imaging.

After administrating the drugs to laboratory mice, researchers noted a measureable reduction in prostate cancer cells.

“It’s like a smart bomb, to use a military analogy,” said Sedelaar.

“By retooling chemotherapy agents, we may be able to get more accurate treatment monitoring and follow-up,” he added.

The study showed that the imaging pro-drugs were cleaved and activated by PSMA or PSA, suggesting their viability as a prostate cancer imaging modality.

The study was presented at American Association for Cancer Research 100th Annual Meeting 2009. (ANI)

Filed Under: Science News Tagged With: accurate treatment, cancer research, chemotherapy, chemotherapy agents, conventional methods, dr john, drug-delivery, johns hopkins university, laboratory mice, modality, postdoctoral research fellow, Prostate Cancer, prostate cancer cells, prostate cancer imaging, psma, smart bomb, Therapeutic Drugs, treatment of prostate cancer, tyrosine, Viability

Walnuts can help keep breast cancer at bay

April 22, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, Apr 22 (ANI): Walnuts contain compounds that reduce the risk of breast cancer, claims a new study.

Elaine Hardman, Ph.D., associate professor of medicine at Marshall University School of Medicine, said that while her study was done with laboratory animals rather than humans, people should heed the recommendation to eat more walnuts.

“Walnuts are better than cookies, french fries or potato chips when you need a snack,” said Hardman.

“We know that a healthy diet overall prevents all manner of chronic diseases,” the expert added.

To reach the conclusion, researchers studied mice that were fed a diet that they estimated was the human equivalent of two ounces of walnuts per day. A separate group of mice were fed a control diet.

Standard testing showed that walnut consumption significantly decreased breast tumor incidence, the number of glands with a tumor and tumor size.

“These laboratory mice typically have 100 percent tumor incidence at five months; walnut consumption delayed those tumors by at least three weeks,” said Hardman.

Molecular analysis showed that increased consumption of omega-3 fatty acids contributed to the decline in tumor incidence, but other parts of the walnut contributed as well.

“With dietary interventions you see multiple mechanisms when working with the whole food,” said Hardman.

“It is clear that walnuts contribute to a healthy diet that can reduce breast cancer,” the expert added.

The study has been presented at the American Association for Cancer Research 100th Annual Meeting 2009. (ANI)

Filed Under: Health News Tagged With: 3 fatty acids, breast cancer, Breast Tumor, cancer research, chronic diseases, control diet, dietary interventions, french fries, hardman, healthy diet, human equivalent, laboratory animals, laboratory mice, marshall university school, marshall university school of medicine, omega 3 fatty acids, potato chips, school of medicine, tumor size, walnuts

Drug-combo could prevent pancreatic cancer recurrence

April 20, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, Apr 20 (ANI): In a study, led by an Indian-origin scientist, researchers have found a combination therapy, which could reduce cancer stem cells and stop the growth pancreatic cancer-one of the deadliest cancers.

Rajesh Kumar N.V., Ph.D., a faculty member at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, led the study.

He said that a combination therapy using tigatuzumab, a novel humanized death receptor-5 (DR-5) agonist antibody, along with gemcitabine, could result in reducing pancreatic cancer stem cells to achieve tumour remission and prevent tumour recurrence.

“Many advanced cancers, including pancreatic cancer, recur and result in patient death despite the use of chemotherapeutic and radiation modalities that initially lead to therapeutic responses,” said Kumar.

He added: “A growing body of evidence supports the concept that cancer stem cells are the seeds of the most clinically deadly form of therapy-resistant human cancers. Emerging studies show that cancer stem cells are indeed more resistant to therapy than other cancer cells and might be the reason why conventional chemotherapy, while reducing tumor size, does not result in long-term cures.”

For the study, the researchers examined the cancer stem cells in ten patient-derived tumours implanted in laboratory mice.

It was found that DR-5 is enriched in cancer stem cells compared to non-stem cell tumour populations.

The mice either received tigatuzumab alone; gemcitabine, the current clinical treatment for pancreatic cancer; or a combination of the two agents.

And it was discovered that treatment with gemcitabine alone reduced tumour size, but the tumour cells that remained were rich in pancreatic cancer stem cells. In nearly all cases, the tumours returned.

On the other hand, treatment with gemcitabine and tigatuzumab reduced pancreatic cancer stem cells, caused tumour remission, and significantly increased time-to-tumour progression in 50 percent of treated cases from a median of 54 days to 103 days.

The researchers claimed that targeting cancer-sustaining pancreatic cancer stem cells will be of paramount significance as there are few effective therapies for pancreatic cancer and most of the patients die within the first year of diagnosis.

“Clinically, this discovery could transform the way in which pancreatic cancer is treated and contribute towards making pancreatic cancer a more manageable disease,” said Kumar.

Results of the study will be presented at the American Association for Cancer Research 100th Annual Meeting 2009. (ANI)

Filed Under: Science News Tagged With: cancer cells, Cancer Recurrence, chemotherapeutic, combination therapy, comprehensive cancer center, conventional chemotherapy, death receptor, gemcitabine, human cancers, indian origin, johns hopkins university, laboratory mice, patient death, scientist researchers, sidney kimmel comprehensive, sidney kimmel comprehensive cancer center, sidney kimmel comprehensive cancer center at johns hopkins, stem cells, therapeutic responses, tumor size, tumour cells

Biphosphonates may prevent radiation-induced leukaemia

April 20, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, Apr 20 (ANI): A new study has revealed that treatment with biphosphonates could prevent radiation-induced leukaemia.

Lead researcher Dr Alexandra Miller, a senior scientist at the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, said that the study will not only help military and space agency personnel exposed to risky levels of radiation, it will also be beneficial for civilian populations.

“It is possible, although not yet proven, that the compound we studied could have a general effect on leukemia associated with causes other than radiation, such as age, which is much more common,” said Miller.

During the study, the research team studied biphosphonates known to scientists as ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-biphosphonate (EHBP) and carballylic amido bis phosphonic acid (CAPBP).

Biphosphonates have emerged as an attractive chemopreventive agent due to earlier research that suggests they prevent bone metastasis and because they have an ability to remove uranium from the body.

The researchers irradiated laboratory mice at 3.5 Gy and found that all of the mice who were not treated with either EHBP or CAPBP developed leukemia.

By contrast, if they were treated with six doses of EHBP only 75 percent of mice developed leukemia. Similarly, only 65 percent of mice treated with CAPBP developed leukemia.

The study was presented at the American Association for Cancer Research 100th Annual Meeting 2009. (ANI)

Filed Under: Science News Tagged With: ability, acid, age, agency, Agent, Alexandra Miller, American, amido, ANI, annual meeting, Apr, armed, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, association, biphosphonate, Biphosphonates, body, bone, Bone Metastasis, cancer, cancer research, CAPBP, Civilian Populations, compound, contrast, Dr Alexandra Miller, earlier research, effect, EHBP, ethane, forces, Gy, hydroxy, institute, Laboratory, laboratory mice, lead, leukaemia, Leukemia, military, percent, radiation, Radiobiology, Research, researcher, scientist, Scientists, space, space agency, study, team, treatment, uranium, Washington

Biochemical changes that put sperm ‘in the mood’ identified

April 13, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

Washington, April 13 (ANI): Making a significant advance towards new infertility treatments and a male contraceptive pill, scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have identified key biochemical changes that put sperm “in the mood” for fertilization.

Dr. Mark D. Platt, a researcher from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, notes that sperm cannot fertilize an egg immediately after entering the female reproductive tract.

He points out that sperm must acquire this ability after undergoing an activation process called “capacitation”.

He further highlights the fact that this process involves phosphorylation-common biological modification that causes cellular activities to be turned “on” by the addition of phosphate molecules to certain amino acids within proteins.

However, the specific biochemical details have been a deep mystery.

Platt and his colleagues used laboratory mice, and compared the extent of phosphorylation in both capacitated and non-capacitated sperm samples.

The researchers identified 44 peptides exhibiting differential phosphorylation, on 59 specific amino acids, suggesting that modification of those particular sites was essential for the capacitation process.

The relative ratio of phosphorylation between the capacitated and non-capacitated samples were also reported, providing the first biochemical description of what puts sperm “in the mood”.

The study appears in ACS’ Journal of Proteome Research, a monthly ublication. (ANI)

Filed Under: Science News Tagged With: acs journal, amino acids, biochemical changes, biology notes, cellular activities, chemical biology, deep mystery, department of chemistry, dr mark, female reproductive tract, fertilization, infertility, infertility treatments, journal of proteome research, laboratory mice, male contraceptive pill, peptides, phosphate, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, sperm samples

Study says marijuana chemical has anti-cancer properties

April 6, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

According to a study released on Thursday, Spanish researchers from the Complutense University in Madrid, together with scientists of other universities, found that tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) – the main chemical in the infamous narcotic agent, marijuana – likely helps the annihilation of brain cancer cells.

The research, which proposes to bring to improve the prospects of anti-cancer therapies, said that THC causes cancer cells to go through a process called autophagy – the breakdown that takes place when the cells fundamentally self-digest.

Based on the findings of the research, which was first carried out on the laboratory mice, and then substantiated on two patients – suffering from the highly aggressive and recurrent brain tumor, glioblastoma multiforme – in an experimental trial, the scientists came to the conclusion that THC and associated “cannabinoids” depicted properties of being “a new family of potential anti-tumoral agent.”

The study which has been published in the April edition of the US Journal of Clinical Investigation, on of the scientists, Guillermo Velasco, reported: “We found that the anti-tumoral action of THC is based on its ability to activate an intracellular signalling pathway that promotes the activation of a cellular process called `autophagy’. The activation of this pathway leads to cancer cell death.”

Filed Under: International News Tagged With: annihilation, brain cancer, brain cells, brain tumor, cancer cell, cancer cells, cancer properties, cancer research, cancer therapies, cell death, complutense university, experimental trial, intracellular, journal of clinical investigation, laboratory mice, marijuana, narcotic agent, pathway, prospects, Scientists, spanish researchers, tetrahydrocannabinol thc

Scientists find new origin for a critical immune response

March 3, 2009 By admin Leave a Comment

London, March 2 (ANI): Researchers at the Duke University Medical Center say that an immune system response, key to the first stages of fighting off viruses and harmful bacteria, has an entirely different origin than what has been thought to date.

“This finding will have important implications in vaccine science and autoimmune disease therapy development,” Nature magazine quoted said Dr. Michael Gunn, an immunologist and cardiologist at Duke, as saying.

It has been beliefved thus far that Type 1 helper (TH1) T cell immune responses, critical for the control of viruses and certain bacteria, are induced by rare immune cells, called dendritic cells.

Immunologists have generally believed that upon being activated by infection or vaccination, the dendritic cells move from peripheral tissues into lymph nodes to stimulate T cell responses.

However, the Duke researchers have discovered that the dendritic cells that stimulate TH1 responses do not come from peripheral tissues.

According to them, the dendritic cells rather arise from monocytes, a common cell type in the blood, which move directly into lymph nodes after infection.

“The result speaks to the most basic principles of immune response to pathogens. It may also explain the poor results we have seen in attempts to develop effective dendritic-cell vaccines,” Gunn said.

A previous study conducted by Gunn had led to the identification of a particular protein, known as a chemokine, that stimulates the migration of activated dendritic cells from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes.

In the current study, the researchers generated a TH1 response in laboratory mice that lacked this chemokine with influenza viruses.

“We really thought the mice would not be able to generate much of an immune response at all,” Gunn said, because they wouldn’t be able to mobilize dendritic cells.

“The mice, however, had increased TH1 responses. We knew we had to find what was really causing the response,” the researcher added.

Gunn’s team studied several different types of mice that were missing other chemokines or chemokine receptors, and found that the animals lacking the Ccr2 chemokine receptor-which controls the migration of inflammatory monocytes-had much lower accumulation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and TH1 responses.

Based on their observations, the researchers came to the conclusion that there is a blood-derived lymph node dendritic cell type that has a key role in developing acute T-cell responses.

“For so long, dendritic cells from tissues were the obvious answer. We found out that that’s not always the case,” Gunn said.

The Duke researchers are now planning to study the blood-derived dendritic cells under different conditions, in order to determine whether they may have other activities.

“We observed the activity of these cells after TH1-inducing stimuli, like influenza. Next we’d like to study other types of immune stimuli to see how the cells respond,” Gunn said.

The researchers believes that understanding how dendritic cells stimulate different types of immune response might open the door to enhancing or inhibiting such responses, a major goal of immunologists trying to prevent infections or control autoimmune disease, Gunn said.

The study has been published in the journal Nature Immunology. (ANI)

Filed Under: Health News Tagged With: autoimmune disease, cell responses, cell vaccines, chemokine, dendritic cell, duke researchers, duke university medical, duke university medical center, harmful bacteria, immune cells, immune system response, immunologist, influenza viruses, laboratory mice, london march, lymph nodes, nature magazine, peripheral tissues, th1 response, university medical center