‘Zero tolerance’ policy has zero effect

Washington, Sep 17 (ANI): Amid an ongoing debate about changing the drinking age from 21 to 18 in the US, a Sam Houston State University economist has raised voice against a related law- the “zero tolerance” policy.

Darren Grant studied data from 30,000 fatalities in nighttime accidents involving drivers under 21, and concluded that zero tolerance laws have zero effect.

“Both in terms of the number of accidents and the blood alcohol of the drivers in those accidents, the research consistently showed that zero tolerance laws had no effect. Other factors matter, but not these laws,” said Grant.

Zero tolerance laws became prevalent during the 1990s, when the US Congress threatened to withhold highway funding from states that didn’t comply.

Grant has now said that the logic behind zero tolerance laws is suspect.

“The idea was, since drivers under 21 are not supposed to be drinking, you should be guilty of drunk driving if you are caught driving with any amount of alcohol in your system,” said Grant.

“Because you must sacrifice more to comply with the law, we should expect some people will just give up trying to satisfy the law and drink more,” he added.

But he found that this did not happen.

“Instead, among drivers involved in traffic accidents, there is the same fraction of heavy drinkers, the same fraction of mild drinkers, the same fraction of nondrinkers. It’s just not changing,” he said.

Grant also compared the blood alcohol distributions of involved drivers in the two years before zero tolerance laws were established in each state, and again in the two years after.

It was found that the two distributions were also virtually identical.

“That’s a sign that this law is essentially inert; if it’s affecting the amount of drinking that people do, these distributions should look different,” he said.

The study has been published in the journal Economic Inquiry. (ANI)

Scientists use bacteria to make radioactive metals inert

Washington, September 9 (ANI): A team of scientists is researching the use of sulfate-reducing bacteria to convert toxic radioactive metal to inert substances, a much more economical solution.

The research is being done by Judy Wall, a biochemistry professor at the University of Missouri College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources.

The bacteria Wall is studying are bio-corrosives and can change the solubility of heavy metals.

They can take uranium and convert it to uraninite, a nearly insoluble substance that will sink to the bottom of a lake or stream.

Wall is looking into the bacteria’s water cleansing ability and how long the changed material would remain inert.

Wall’s research could also be beneficial to heavy metal pollution from storage tanks and industrial waste.

The bacteria are already present in more than 7,000 heavy metal contaminated sites, but they live in a specific range of oxygen and temperature, making them difficult to control.

“Our research must be done in the absence of air,” Wall said. “Obviously, none but the most committed – and stubborn – will work with them,” she added.

Even if an oxygen-tolerant strain were developed, there are still multiple factors that would make applying the bacteria challenging, and these microbes can contribute to massive iron corrosion.

“Knowledge of the way bacteria live in the environment, in microbial communities, is still in its infancy,” Wall said. “We just don’t know a lot about the communication systems among microbes,” she added.

Wall and researchers from the Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory in California are investigating the bacterium’s basic genetics and hope to determine its growth limits and activity in natural settings, including how to make its interactions with metals sustainable.

They have already identified a few genes that are critical to converting uranium. (ANI)

Gemma Atkinson once ‘turned down tiny Maradona’

London, Apr 30 (ANI): Busty-babe Gemma Atkinson has said that she once turned down advances of Argentinian footie legend Diego Maradona.

The ex-Hollyoaks beauty revealed that she bumped into the World Cup winner at a charity football match and was showered with compliments.

But, the Gemma remained inert to Diego’s chat-up lines as because she found his height, or the lack of it, to be a put-off.

“He said I had beautiful eyes and I was like, ‘Wow thanks,’ but he’s so short, he’s tiny,” The Sun quoted Gemma as saying.

She added: “I saw him at this charity match so I went up to him and asked for a picture and an autograph. He was really nice guy but he was very short.”

The 34E stunner, spilled the beans when an American interviewer asked her who was the most famous person she had ever turned down. (ANI)

Indians in Nepal can’t be bothered to vote

Kathmandu, April 17 (IANS) They think nothing of hopping across the border to India to attend a wedding, obtain medical treatment or attend business conferences.

But tens of thousands of Indians living in Nepal can’t be bothered to make the journey home to cast their votes.

This year, as India embarked on a nearly month-long parliamentary polls from Thursday, there was a strong campaign in that country to get the inert voter to the polling booth.

However, the campaign has not trickled down to India’s northern neighbour Nepal; nor has a succession of Indian governments taken any steps to ensure Indians living in Nepal are able to cast their votes in the Himalayan republic itself.

Shiva Raj Singh Raghav, immediate past president of the Indian Citizens’ Association (ICA) in Nepal, estimates that there are about 300,000-400,000 Indians and people of Indian origin living in Nepal as long-term residents.

The 50-year-old, a hardware wholesaler from Uttar Pradesh, has himself been residing in Nepal for the last 25 years.

‘The ICA had petitioned the Indian Embassy in Kathmandu, asking for the government to enable the Indians registered with the embassy to cast their votes in Nepal,’ Raghav told IANS. ‘But the embassy expressed its inability to do so.’

In addition to the long-term Indian residents, Raghav estimates there are several thousands of Indians who come and go across the open border.

Indians living in Nepal include businessmen, professionals working for Indian organisations or joint ventures like banks, telecom and hydropower companies, embassy staffers, army personnel and teachers.

Prem Lashkari, founding president of the Nepal-India Friendship Society, says one reason for the inertia is that businessmen, whether they live in Nepal or India, prefer to stay away from politics.

His friend West Bengal lad Praksh Dugar, who owns a construction business in Nepal, is a prime example.

‘The last time I voted in my home constituency Murshidabad was eight years ago,’ says Dugar, who is now planning to return to his village Nabogram and take the plunge in politics. ‘I vote if I am home during the elections. But I have never gone home just to vote.’

Lashkari, a jeweller who has been living in Nepal since 1971, thinks the young generation could be different.

‘Now more and more young people are becoming active,’ he says. ‘They realise that businessmen too should have representatives in the government. We failed to press for postal votes or even a voting booth in Nepal. Maybe they would take up the issue one day.’

The Indian community in Nepal boasts of big names like Vikram Singh Deo, the former ruler of a principality in Rajasthan whose daughter Himani, wedded to Nepal’s former flamboyant crown prince Paras, was the crown princess of Nepal; Shalini and Rakesh Wadhwa, who head Nepal’s billion-rupee chain of casinos; and R. Saraf, who owns two of Kathmandu’s most elegant hotels, the Yak and Yeti and Hyatt.

Last year, the US government made arrangements so that Americans in Nepal could take part in their presidential elections.

Fat synthesizing enzyme is key to healthy skin and hair

Washington, Feb 15 (ANI): A team of researchers at the Gladstone Institutes of Cardiovascular Disease (GICD) has discovered that an enzyme linked to the synthesis of fat in the body is also an element in healthy skin and hair.

The enzyme is DGAT1. Mice that lack DGAT1 have many interesting characteristics. For example, they are lean, resistant to diet-induced obesity, are more sensitive to insulin and leptin, and have abnormalities in mammary gland development and skin.

When researchers used genetic engineering to delete the enzyme in mice, they found that lack of DGAT1 caused levels of retinoic acid (RA) to be greatly increased in skin and resulted in the loss of hair.

“For some time, we have been studying the enzymes that make triglycerides. We found that one of these enzymes is a major regulator of retinoic acid actions in the skin.” said Robert V. Farese, Jr., senior investigator and senior author on the study.

RA, which comes from vitamin A (retinol), has been used to treat skin disorders, such as acne and psoriasis, and certain cancers, but it is fairly toxic and must be carefully controlled.

In mice without DGAT1, the skin was very sensitive to retinol. The loss of DGAT1 also caused alopecia, or hair loss. Both of these effects could be prevented by depriving the mice of a source of retinol in their diet. It turns out that DGAT1 can convert retinol to a relatively inert storage form.

Without DGAT1, this ability is lost, and any excess retinol in the skin can be converted to RA.

Michelle Shih, the lead author on the study, said: “Our results show that DGAT1 is an important component for controlling retinoic acid levels in the skin of mice. These findings may have implications for the treatment of human skin or hair disorders.”

Their findings were reported in The Journal of Biological Chemistry. (ANI)