Scientists find meteorite that came from innermost asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter

Washington, September 18 (ANI): In a very rare finding, scientists have discovered an unusual kind of meteorite in the Western Australian desert and have uncovered that it came from the innermost main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

Meteorites are the only surviving physical record of the formation of our Solar System.

However, information about where individual meteorites originated, and how they were moving around the Solar System prior to falling to Earth, is available for only a dozen of around 1100 documented meteorite falls over the past two hundred years.

According to Dr Phil Bland from the Department of Earth Science and Engineering at Imperial College London, the lead author of the study, “We are incredibly excited about our new finding. Meteorites are the most analysed rocks on Earth, but it’s really rare for us to be able to tell where they came from.”

The new meteorite, which is about the size of cricket ball, is the first to be retrieved since researchers from Imperial College London, Ondrejov Observatory in the Czech Republic, and the Western Australian Museum, set up a trial network of cameras in the Nullarbor Desert in Western Australia in 2006.

The researchers aim to use these cameras to find new meteorites, and work out where in the Solar System they came from, by tracking the fireballs that they form in the sky.

The new meteorite was found on the first day of searching using the new network, by the first search expedition, within 100m of the predicted site of the fall.

The meteorite appears to have been following an unusual orbit, or path around the Sun, prior to falling to Earth in July 2007, according to the researchers’ calculations.

The team believes that it started out as part of an asteroid in the innermost main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

It then gradually evolved into an orbit around the Sun that was very similar to Earth’s.

The new meteorite is also unusual because it is composed of a rare type of basaltic igneous rock.

According to the researchers, its composition, together with the data about where the meteorite comes from, fits with a recent theory about how the building blocks for the terrestrial planets were formed.

This theory suggests that the igneous parent asteroids for meteorites like today’s formed deep in the inner Solar System, before being scattered out into the main asteroid belt.

Asteroids are widely believed to be the building blocks for planets like the Earth, so the new finding provides another clue about the origins of the Solar System. (ANI)

Master gene that switches on disease-fighting cells identified

London, Sep 14 (ANI): British scientists have identified the master gene, called E4bp4, that causes blood stem cells to turn into disease-fighting ‘Natural Killer’ (NK) immune cells.

The discovery, by researchers at Imperial College London, UCL and the Medical Research Council’s National Institute for Medical Research, could one day help scientists boost the body’s production of these frontline tumour-killing cells, creating new ways to treat cancer.

By ‘knocking out’ E4bp4 in a mouse model, the researchers created the world’s first animal model entirely lacking NK cells, but with all other blood cells and immune cells intact.

The breakthrough model should help solve the mystery of the role that Natural Killer cells play in autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes and multiple sclerosis.

According to many scientists, these diseases are a result of malfunctioning NK cells that turn on the body and attack healthy cells, which cause disease instead of fighting it.

They believe that clarifying NK cells’ role could lead to new ways of treating these conditions.

Natural Killer cells – a type of white blood cell – are a major component of the human body’s innate, quick-response immune system, providing a fast frontline defence against tumours, viruses and bacterial infections.

The gene E4bp4 is the ‘master gene’ for NK cell production, which means it is the primary driver that causes blood stem cells in the bone marrow to differentiate into NK cells.

Led by Dr Hugh Brady, the researchers are hoping to progress with a drug treatment for cancer patients which reacts with the protein expressed by their E4bp4 gene, causing their bodies to produce a higher number of NK cells than normal, to increase the chances of successfully destroying tumours.

“If increased numbers of the patient’s own blood stem cells could be coerced into differentiating into NK cells, via drug treatment, we would be able to bolster the body’s cancer-fighting force, without having to deal with the problems of donor incompatibility,” Nature quoted Brady as saying.

The researchers proved the pivotal role E4bp4 plays in NK production when they knocked the gene out in a mouse model.

Without E4bp4 the mouse produced no NK cells whatsoever but other types of blood cell were unaffected.

“Now finally, with our discovery of the NK cell master gene and subsequent creation of our mouse model, we will be able to find out if the progression of these diseases is impeded or aided by the removal of NK cells from the equation. This will solve the often-debated question of whether NK cells are always the ‘good guys’, or if in certain circumstances they cause more harm than good,” said Brady.

The study has been published in Nature Immunology. (ANI)

Why pandemic swine flu causes more severe symptoms than seasonal flu

London, September 11 (ANI): Scientists at Imperial College London have warned that pandemic swine flu can infect cells deeper in the lungs than seasonal flu can.

They write in a research paper that this may help understand why people infected with the pandemic strain of swine-origin H1N1 influenza are more likely to suffer more severe symptoms than those infected with the seasonal strain of H1N1.

The researchers have also stressed the need for monitoring the current pandemic H1N1 influenza virus for any changes in the way it infects cells, which may make infections more serious.

Generally, influenza viruses infect cells by attaching to bead-like molecules on the outside of the cell, known as receptors. If a virus cannot find its specific receptors, it cannot get into the cell.

Seasonal influenza viruses attach to receptors found on cells in the nose, throat and upper airway, enabling them to infect a person’s respiratory tract.

In the current study, the researchers have found that pandemic H1N1 swine flu can also attach to a receptor found on cells deep inside the lungs, which can result in a more severe lung infection.

They say that the pandemic influenza virus’s ability to stick to the additional receptors may explain why the virus replicates, and spreads between cells more quickly.

“Most people infected with swine-origin flu in the current pandemic have experienced relatively mild symptoms. However, some people have had more severe lung infections, which can be worse than those caused by seasonal flu. Our new research shows how the virus does this – by attaching to receptors mostly found on cells deep in the lungs. This is something seasonal flu cannot do,” Nature Biotechnology quoted Professor Ten Feizi, from the Division of Medicine at Imperial College London, as having writte in the research paper.

The researchers found that pandemic H1N1 influenza bound more weakly to the receptors in the lungs than to those in the upper respiratory tract, which is why most people infected with the virus have experienced mild symptoms.

However, the researchers are concerned that the virus could mutate to bind more strongly to these receptors.

“If the flu virus mutates in the future, it may attach to the receptors deep inside the lungs more strongly, and this could mean that more people would experience serious symptoms. We think scientists should be on the lookout for these kinds of changes in the virus so we can try to find ways of minimising the impact of such changes,” said Prof. Feizi.

“Receptor binding determines how well a virus spreads between cells and causes an infection. Our new study adds to our understanding of how swine-origin influenza H1N1 virus is behaving in the current pandemic, and shows us changes we need to look out for,” added Prof. Feizi.

The financial assistance for the study came from the Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Council and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. (ANI)

Why broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower are good for heart

Washington, Sept 5 (ANI): Here’s why broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower are good for the heart – a chemical found in these vegetables can boost a natural defence mechanism to protect arteries from disease.

The build up of fatty plaques in arteries called atherosclerosis leads to heart disease.

The Imperial College London team has shown that a protein that usually protects against plaque build up called Nrf2 is inactive in areas of arteries that are prone to disease.

Treatment with a chemical found in green “brassica” vegetables such as broccoli can activate Nrf2 in these disease-prone regions.

“We found that the innermost layer of cells at branches and bends of arteries lack the active form of Nrf2, which may explain why they are prone to inflammation and disease,” BBC News quoted lead researcher Dr Paul Evans as saying.

“Treatment with the natural compound sulforaphane reduced inflammation at the high-risk areas by ‘switching on’ Nrf2.

“Sulforaphane is found naturally in broccoli, so our next steps include testing whether simply eating broccoli, or other vegetables in their ‘family’, has the same protective effect.

“We also need to see if the compound can reduce the progression of disease in affected arteries,” he added.

Professor Peter Weissberg, medical director of the British Heart Foundation, which funded the research said that the new findings provide a possible mechanism by which eating vegetables protects against heart disease.

During the study, the researchers genetically engineered mice to lack the Nrf2 protein.

The research found that in straight sections of arteries Nrf2 was present in the endothelial ‘lining’ cells. Through its action on other proteins, it prevented the cells from becoming inflamed, an early stage in the development of atherosclerosis.

The study appears in Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. (ANI)

Healthy lifestyle simplest, best way to cut breast cancer risk

London, Sept 1 (ANI): A healthy lifestyle, including keeping weight down, exercising for 30 minutes a day and limiting alcohol to a single drink a day, is the simplest and best way for women to cut the risk of breast cancer, says a new study.

The study by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF ) has found the strongest evidence yet that lifestyle is linked to the risk of developing breast cancer, reports The Times.

The research came to the conclusion after showing that more than four out of ten cases could be prevented if women exercised, limited their alcohol intake and maintained a healthy weight.

Breastfeeding also helps to reduce the risk of developing the disease, the scientists at Imperial College London said.

Arlene Wilkie, director of research and policy at Breast Cancer Campaign, said: “This review provides further evidence that maintaining a healthy weight throughout life along with regular exercise will reduce the risk of health problems such as breast cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and arthritis.” (ANI)

Scientists cast doubts on key protein’s role in heart disease

Washington, July 1 (ANI): A new study has found that C-reactive protein, an enticing target for scientists working on new treatments for coronary heart disease, may not have a role in causing the disease.

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The progression of the disease from early to later, sometimes fatal, stages involves inflammation.

There is strong interest in measuring levels of C-reactive protein in a patient’s blood, because it is a marker of inflammation.

Although previous studies have shown that it is a risk indicator, scientists are still not clear whether C-reactive protein causes coronary heart disease.

During the study, the team led by Imperial College London looked at the genes that control C-reactive protein levels in blood and their effect on the risk of coronary heart disease.

Variations in the gene that codes for C-reactive protein were not associated with risk of coronary heart disease.

The authors say that the study has identified genetic variations in three other genes associated with C-reactive protein, which may also be associated with a person’s risk of coronary heart disease.

“Some researchers thought C-reactive protein would be a good molecule to target, as raised levels of this protein in the blood are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease,” said Professor Paul Elliott, lead author of the paper, from the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health at Imperial College London.

“However our research suggests that the association may not be causal, so attempts to target this protein to reduce the risk of the disease are unlikely to be fruitful.

“We have also discovered new genetic variations that are associated with coronary heart disease.

If confirmed in other studies, these might give clues to identify new targets to treat the disease,” added Elliott.

The study appears in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). (ANI)

Cyclists transform into mobile pollution sensors

London, June 30 (ANI): Pedestrians and cyclists in urban areas of the UK are being transformed into mobile pollution sensors, as part of a Government-backed scheme to monitor air quality.

According to a report by Sky News, researchers, led by a team at Imperial College London, will trial three new types of sensors on people, vehicles and traffic islands to measure traffic emissions and noise pollution.

The three-year Environmental Sensing System Across Grid Environments (MESSAGE) initiative will receive data from 100 sensors in South Kensington, Leicester, Gateshead and Cambridge to test how they operate in different types of location.

The new sensor technology will provide unprecedented detail about pollution hotspots.

“There is a lot that we do not know about air quality in our cities and towns because the current generation of large stationary sensors don’t provide enough information,” said professor John Polak.

“We envisage a future where hundreds and thousands of mobile sensors are deployed across the country, to improve the way we monitor, measure and manage pollution in our urban areas,” he added.

The sensors will measure up to five different traffic pollutants simultaneously, including harmful nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxides.

The sensors, which are attached to pedestrians and cyclists, are small enough to fit into a pocket and can detect car pollutants and other contaminants including carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke.

They will transmit the data back via the wearer’s mobile phone.

The scientists will also model pollution clouds in 3-D, by attaching sensors to traffic lights and street lamps to try to work out whether poor traffic signalling, for example, is causing air quality to deteriorate.

The air quality measurements and the location of each mobile sensor will be tracked on Google maps. (ANI)

Stress during pregnancy can lead to behavioural, emotional problems in kids

Washington, June 30 (ANI): British researchers have advised expectant mothers to reduce their anxiety and stress levels to protect their kids from developing behavioural and emotional problems later.

The researchers from Imperial College London hope that it will raise families’ awareness of the importance of reducing levels of stress and anxiety in expectant mothers.

They say that reducing stress during pregnancy could help prevent thousands of children from developing emotional and behavioural problems.

According to Professor Vivette Glover, the lead researcher behind the exhibit from the Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology at Imperial College London, maternal stress and anxiety can alter the development of the baby’s brain. This in turn can result in a greater risk of emotional problems such as anxiety or depression, behavioural problems such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and being considerably slower at learning. S

It can also increase the likelihood of later violent or criminal behaviour.

The findings have suggested that the effects of stress during pregnancy can last many years, including into adolescence.

“We all know that if a mother smokes or drinks a lot of alcohol while pregnant it can affect her fetus,” said Glover.

“Our work has shown that other more subtle factors, such as her emotional state, can also have long-term effects on her child.

“Our research shows that stress due to the mother’s relationship with her partner can be particularly damaging,” Glover added.

The researchers say that the stress hormone cortisol may be one way in which the fetus is affected by the mother’s anxiety during pregnancy.

Usually the placenta protects the unborn baby from the mother’s cortisol, by producing an enzyme that breaks the hormone down.

When the mother is very stressed, this enzyme works less well and lets her cortisol through the placenta.

The researchers suggested higher the level of cortisol in the womb, the lower the toddler’s cognitive development or “baby IQ” at 18 months. (ANI)

Earth’s magnetic poles may wander due to ocean currents

London, June 20 (ANI): A controversial new hypothesis has proposed that oceans’ currents are responsible for the slow wandering of the Earth’s magnetic poles.

According to a report in New Scientist, the theory has been put forward by physicist Gregory Ryskin of Northwestern University in the US.

Most scientists agree that the magnetic field is generated by movements of the molten iron that makes up Earth’s outer core.

However, Ryskin said that his idea that ocean movements may affect the field is worth investigating.

“Oceans could drag the field along global currents, and they could also generate their own weak magnetic field,” he said.

Classical fluid dynamics says that a conductive fluid – even a weak one like seawater – will drag magnetic field lines along with it as it moves, though the field lines may “slip” and fall behind.

Ryskin has calculated how the Earth’s magnetic field lines are dragged by ocean currents and modified by the oceans’ own magnetic field lines.

He found that the motion fits snugly with observations of how the magnetic field has been changing with time, in particular, how the geomagnetic poles have been moving.

In addition, weak electric currents generated as seawater flows through the Earth’s magnetic field generate secondary “oceanic” magnetic fields.

Ryskin included the effect of these magnetic fields in his calculations.

He also showed that the places on the globe where distortions on the geomagnetic field lines are greatest correspond to areas where ocean currents are strongest.

“The oceans almost certainly slightly modify the geomagnetic field observed at the surface due to electric currents flowing within the Earth and in the ionosphere,” said geophysicist Raymond Hide of Imperial College London.

“Geophysicists would be in Ryskin’s debt if he could improve on what others have already done. I wish him well,” he added. (ANI)

Bollywood actor promotes anti-tobacco awareness

New Delhi, May 30 (ANI): Debutant Bollywood actor Jackie Bhagnani is promoting anti-tobacco awareness ahead of ‘World No Tobacco Day’ in New Delhi.

Jackie who makes his acting debut with the film ‘Kal Kisne Dekha’ said that the celebrities should promote this cause.

“Realistically speaking to eradicate it (smoking) we need one hundred years but we can reduce it and it can happen if the people from the film industry or the sports field who are known if they appeal to the people. The affect will be much more than any other normal person saying it. So you can always try nothing is impossible slowly and slowly it can get less. We know in the cities people are not allowed to smoke in public places and I’m seeing lot of people following it,” said Bhagnani.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has chosen ‘Tobacco Health Warnings’ as this year’s theme for World No Tobacco Day to be observed on May 31 with an emphasis on the picture warnings at making people aware of the health risks of tobacco use and convincing them to quit.

More than 20 countries, including Britain, Iran, Peru and Malaysia, already use visual warnings on their tobacco products.

The WHO, which requires its entire staff to be non-smokers or to agree to try to quit, has been campaigning for more than two decades to discourage smoking and fight efforts by big companies such as Philip Morris International, Imperial Tobacco, Japan Tobacco and British American Tobacco to attract new customers.

Tobacco is the world’s leading preventable cause of death. According to WHO, tobacco has been claiming killing more than five million lives every year.

Around 80 percent of smokers live in developing countries, where smoking rates have risen sharply in recent years alongside a ramping-up of tobacco marketing and production in poorer states.

The WHO supports bans on tobacco marketing and sponsorship, prohibitions of smoking in public buildings, and high taxes on tobacco products. (ANI)

Space rock yields important “ingredient in kitchen” on Earth before life began

London, May 27 (ANI): Scientists have found formic acid, a molecule implicated in the origins of life, has been found at record levels on a meteorite that fell into the Tagish Lake in Canada in the year 2000.

According to a report by BBC News, cold temperatures on the lake prevented the volatile chemical from dissipating quickly.

The researchers told a meeting of the American Geophysical Union that the formic acid was extraterrestrial.

Formic acid is one of a group of compounds dubbed “organics”, because they are rich in carbon.

“We are lucky that the meteorite was untouched by humans hands, avoiding contamination by organic compounds that we have on our fingers,” said Dr Christopher Herd, the curator of the University of Alberta’s meteorite collection.

Samples of the meteorite, totalling 850 grams, were collected from Tagish Lake in Canada.

The scientists found levels of formic acid four times higher than had previously been recorded on a meteorite.

“This has for a while been overlooked as we concentrated predominantly on the Murchison meteorite, but now we’ve got another fresh sample and we can start to analyze a different portion of the asteroid belt and therefore a different portion of the Solar System,” said Mark Sephton, a meteorite and geochemistry professor at Imperial College London.

The particular types, or isotopes, of hydrogen that are found in the formic acid show that it most likely formed in the cold regions of space before our Solar System existed.

On Earth, formic acid is commonly found in the stings of insects such as ants, but Professor Sephton said that it is likely to have been an important “ingredient in the kitchen” on Earth before life began.

The acid is known to act as a “reducing agent” – acting as a magnet for oxygen atoms during chemical reactions – and facilitate the conversion of some amino acids into others.

It may also be implicated in the transformation of the more primitive RNA into DNA.

Only one of the four “nucleobases” that make up RNA and DNA is different between the two: uracil is present in RNA while thymine takes its place in DNA.

Professor Sephton’s team found uracil in the Murchison meteorite, but no measurable amount of thymine.

However, formic acid is known to help along the reaction that converts the uracil into thymine.

“The reaction is one of the ways in which you can take some simple molecules and increase the chemical diversity of the pool of pre-biotic molecules,” said Professor Sephton. (ANI)

Cancer wouldn’t be deadly in the next 20 years, say UK expert

London, May 15 (ANI): While the rate of cancer survival has been improving day-by-day, a British expert reckons that cancer will no longer be a killer in the next 20 years.

Karol Sikora, professor of Cancer Medicine at Imperial College London, has said that the treatments for the disease are undergoing a “revolution”, which means that within just two decades, “we will simply run out of things from which to die.”

And rather than facing a possible death sentence, cancer patients will be treated as if they have a long-term illness like diabetes, heart disease or asthma.

Sikora said that better technologies, better delivery systems to treat the disease, and financial constraints are expected in the near future.

And as improved cancer care leads to better survival rates, higher prevalence of the disease in our populations will lead to greater societal pressures as people will be expecting much more from medicine.

“Within 20 years cancer will be a chronic disease, joining conditions such as diabetes, heart disease and asthma,” the Daily Express quoted Sikora as saying.

“These conditions impact on the way people live and do not inexorably lead to death.

“The model of prostate cancer, where many men die with it rather than from it, will be common for most cancers.

“Even greater progress will be made in understanding myriad causes of cancer,” Silora added.

A report authored by Sikora appears on scripnews.com, published by Informa Pharma. (ANI)

Swine flu virus may be as lethal as the one found in the 1957 pandemic

Washington, May 12 (ANI): Scientists say that the new strain of influenza A (H1N1), which is said to be behind the swine flu cases reported in Mexico, may be as lethal as the one found in the 1957 pandemic.

Imperial College London researchers came to this conclusion after analysing the pandemic potential of swine flu in collaboration with the World Health Organisation and public health agencies in Mexico.

The researchers’ best estimate is that in Mexico, influenza A (H1N1) is fatal in around 4 in 1,000 cases, which suggests that it may be as lethal as the influenza strain found in the 1957 pandemic.

The epidemic of influenza A (H1N1) presumably started in Mexico on February 15, and the data suggests that by the end of April, around 23,000 people were infected with the virus in Mexico. The researchers point out that 91 of those died as a result of infection.

However, the figures are uncertain because some mild cases might have gone unreported.

According to the researchers, the numbers infected could be as low as 6,000 people or as high as 32,000 people.

They say that the uncertainty around the numbers of people who have been infected with influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico means that the case fatality ratio (CFR) of 0.4 per cent, that is 4 deaths per 1000 infected persons, cannot be definitely established.

While the CFR is currently in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 per cent, the researchers believe that 0.4 per cent is the most likely.

The team say for every person infected, it is likely that there will be between 1.2 and 1.6 secondary cases, which is high as compared to normal seasonal influenza in which around 10-15 per cent of the population are likely to become infected.

However, it is lower than would be expected for pandemic influenza, where 20-30 percent of the population are likely to become infected.

Analysing an outbreak in an isolated village called La Gloria in Mexico, the researchers also observed that children were twice as likely to become infected as adults, with 61 per cent of those aged under 15 becoming infected, compared with 29 per cent of those over 15.

Based on that observation, the researchers surmise that adults have some degree of immunity against infection because of having been previously infected with a related strain of influenza, or it may mean that children are more susceptible to infection because they interact much more closely together, such as in school, than adults.

Professor Neil Ferguson, the corresponding author of today’s research from the MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling at Imperial College London, said:

“Our study shows that this virus is spreading just as we would expect for the early stages of a flu pandemic. So far, it has been following a very similar pattern to the flu pandemic in 1957, in terms of the proportion of people who are becoming infected and the percentage of potentially fatal cases that we are seeing.”

Furguson added: “What we’re seeing is not the same as seasonal flu and there is still cause for concern – we would expect this pandemic to at least double the burden on our healthcare systems. However, this initial modelling suggests that the H1N1 virus is not as easily transmitted or as lethal as that found in the flu pandemic in 1918,” added Professor Ferguson.” (ANI)

Swine flu’s first genetic analysis reveals potency

London, May 2 (ANI): While swine flu virus H1N1 continues to spread around the world, the first genetic analysis of the efficacy of its transmission from person to person revealed that it spreads barely well enough to keep itself going.

The analysis also suggested that the virus might have started circulating as long ago as January.

However, because of the scarcity of cases to analyse, the calculation is still uncertain, as many believe that the circulation could have started more recently, or as far back as September.

Nicholas Grassly of Imperial College London and Andrew Rambaut of the University of Edinburgh, UK, have analysed the rate of spread.

Their analysis is based on the small mutations that have accumulated in almost two-dozen genetic sequences produced so far, from viruses collected from patients in Mexico and the US.

Unlike H5N1 bird flu, all the genetic sequences of this H1N1 are being posted on bulletin boards like GISAID, so that scientists can access them and compare preliminary analyses.

Scientists who protested that H5N1 sequences were not being made freely available set up the GISAID system in 2006.

“The limited sampling so far gives rise to considerable uncertainty in the estimate,” New Scientist quoted Rambaut as saying.

However, if the rate at which genes mutate is similar for this virus as for other H1N1 viruses, the number of mutations that have accumulated so far have indicated that it has been circulating since January – or even September 2008.

If the new virus spreads from one infected person to the next at about the same speed as ordinary flu, it could give an idea of how many cases there may have been in that time.

A mathematical model permits the calculation of an important variable called R0 – the number of additional people infected, on average, by each case.

If R0 is less than one, an infection dies out.

Also, Grassly cautioned that the estimate is very preliminary.

However, with newly available data, he gets an R0 of 1.16 – enough for the virus to keep going, but only just.

This comes as good news, as epidemiological theory suggests that the lower the R0, the easier it may be to snuff the virus out by further hindering its spread.

And now the onus lies on how quickly the new H1N1 virus from swine adapts to people. (ANI)

Harry Potter’s invisibility cloak comes closer to reality

London, May 1 (ANI): Scientists have made yet another advancement in bringing invisibility cloak closer to reality by developing a material that renders objects invisible to near-infrared light.

Previous “cloaks” had metals in their structure, which resulted in imperfect cloaking due to loss of light.

In the new study, researchers from New York’s Cornell University and the University of California at Berkeley have developed a carpet-based cloak using a dielectric – or insulating material – which absorbs far less light.

This “carpet” design was based on a theory first described by John Pendry, from Imperial College London, in 2008.

Michal Lipson and her team at Cornell University demonstrated a cloak based on the concept.

Xiang Zhang, professor of mechanical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, led the other team.

“Essentially, we are transforming a straight line of light into a curved line around the cloak, so you don’t perceive any change in its pathway,” The BBC quoted Zang as saying.

The new material negates the distortion produced by the bulge of the object under it, bending light around it, and giving the illusion of a flattened surface.

According to Zhang, the cloak “changes the local density” of the object it is covering.

“When light passes from air into water it will be bent, because the optical density, or refraction index, of the glass is different to air.

“So by manipulating the optical density of an object, you can transform the light path from a straight line to to any path you want,” the expert said.

The new material does this via a series of minuscule holes – which are strategically “drilled” into a sheet of silicon.

“Where the holes are more dense, there is more air than silicon, so the optical density of the object is reduced,” Zhang said. (ANI)

‘Spooky action’ to distinguish between two similar quantum devices

Washington, April 28 (ANI): Physicists are using the phenomenon dubbed as ‘spooky action’ to distinguish between two similar quantum devices.

‘Quantum ghosts’ are far distant particles that can somehow ‘talk’ to each other, a theory put forward by famous scientist Albert Einstein, who called it ‘spooky action at a distance’.

Having confirmed its existence, scientists today are learning how to use this ‘spooky action’ as a helpful tool.

Now, a team of physicists at the University of Bristol and Imperial College London have harnessed this phenomenon to shed light on another unusual and previously difficult aspect of quantum physics – that of distinguishing between two similar quantum devices.

In the everyday world, any process can be considered as a black box device with an input and an output.

If you wish to identify the device you simply apply inputs, measure the outputs and determine what must have happened in between.

But, quantum black boxes are different.

Distinguishing between them is impossible using only single particle inputs because the outputs are not distinguishable: a fundamental consequence of the laws of quantum mechanics is that only very few states of a quantum particle can be reliably distinguished from one another.

The Bristol-Imperial team has shown how to get around this problem using ‘spooky action’.

According to Anthony Laing, PhD student in the Department of Physics, who performed the study, “Apart from providing insight into the fundamentals of quantum physics, this work may be crucial for future quantum technologies.”

“How else could a future quantum engineer build a quantum computer if they can’t tell which circuits they have?” he explained.

The new findings have implications for our understanding of quantum mechanics as well as the emerging potential of quantum information science. (ANI)

Marshal of the Air Force Arjan Singh to turn 90 on Wednesday

New Delhi, Apr.14 (ANI): Marshal of the Air Force Arjan Singh DFC will turn 90 on April 15.

The Marshal of the Air Force was born on April 15, 1919 at Lyallpur. He was educated at Montgomery and later at Government College, Lahore.

In 1938, he was selected for pilot’s training at Cranwell, UK and was commissioned as a pilot in the Royal Indian Air Force in December 1939. He joined No. 1 Squadron in September 1943. He was awarded the ‘Distinguished Flying Cross’ in 1944, for his outstanding leadership in the Burma Campaign during World War II.

At that point in time, the country was still under the British rule and for an Indian to be awarded such a high honour was indeed a matter of immense pride for the nation.

He was promoted to the rank of Wing Commander in 1945 and attended the first course at Royal Staff College, Bracknell.

After partition, as a Group Captain, he commanded Air Force Station Ambala. In 1949, as an Air Commodore, he was appointed as the Air Officer Commanding Operational Command and in 1952, he was appointed the Air Force Commanding-in-Chief Operational Command.

Subsequently, he held key appointments of AOA, DCAS and VCAS from 1958 to 1964. During 1960, he was specially selected for the Imperial Defence College, UK (later named as the Royal College of Defence Studies).

He was appointed as the Chief of the Air Staff in July 1964. He was the first IAF Chief to be promoted to the rank of Air Chief Marshal, in December 1965. In recognition of his services of an extremely high order, ad for his leadership during the 1965 War against Pakistan, Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, the second highest national award. He retired from the Air Force in July 1969. During his tenure as the Chief of Air Staff, he brought about significant changes in the structure and functioning of the Air Force, to charter it towards a path of strong professional growth.

On retiring from the IAF in July 1969, Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh (Retd) continued to dedicate himself in service of the nation and rendered distinguished service of an exceptionally high order. He served with remarkable success as the Indian Ambassador to Switzerland from 1971-74 and then as High Commissioner to Kenya from 1974-77. Later, he was appointed as Member of the Minorities Commission and the Lt Governor of Delhi State in 1989.

Many officers and airmen, who served with him, still fondly remember the Marshal as a hands-on, non-formal, incisive and humane person, who flew himself to visit stations and units in his Canbarra. He belongs to the breed of rare few individuals who had the difficult task of shaping the IAF not only in its nascent years, but also at several difficult periods. He saw the IAF carry out its assigned operations in the 1962 Indo-China war. He steered the AF through the 1965 war that was forced upon us. His stewardship ensured the defeat of the adversary and his plans. He also guided the Air Force through the post 1965 embargoes and sanctions.

An avid aviator all his serving years, he flew all the types in the IAF during his time, from its inception till the jets and supersonic types. (ANI)

PZ Cussons to bid for Sara Lee ops -paper

LONDON, April 12 (Reuters) – Britain’s PZ Cussons (PZC.L) has joined the shortlist of bidders for the European household and personal care business of U.S. consumer goods group Sara Lee (SLE.N), the Sunday Times reported without citing sources.

The newspaper said PZ Cussons, the maker of Imperial Leather soaps, joins larger rivals Reckitt Benckiser (RB.L), Unilever (UNc.AS) (ULVR.L), Colgate-Palmolive (CL.N) on the shortlist.

Sara Lee has put a price tag of between $3 billion and $3.5 billion on the business, which includes brands such as Kiwi shoe polish, Brylcream hair styling products and Sanex deodorant, the paper said.

PZ Cussons, was not immediately available for comment. A spokesman for Sara Lee in Europe said it was not company policy to comment on media speculation. (Reporting by Victoria Bryan; editing by Mike Nesbit)

PZ Cussons to bid for Sara Lee: report

LONDON (Reuters) – Britain’s PZ Cussons (PZC.L) has made it onto the shortlist of bidders for the European household and personal care business of U.S. consumer goods group Sara Lee (SLE.N), the Sunday Times reported without citing sources.

The newspaper said PZ Cussons, the maker of Imperial Leather soaps, joins larger rivals Reckitt Benckiser (RB.L), Unilever (UNc.AS) (ULVR.L), Colgate-Palmolive (CL.N) on the shortlist.

Sara Lee has put a price tag of between $3 billion and $3.5 billion on the business, which includes brands such as Kiwi shoe polish, Brylcream hair styling products and Sanex deodorant, the paper said.

Stockport-based PZ Cussons, was not immediately available for comment. A spokesman for Sara Lee in Europe said it was not company policy to comment on media speculation.

(Reporting by Victoria Bryan)

Japan’s royal couple celebrates 50th wedding anniversary

Tokyo – Japanese Emperor Akihito tearfully thanked his wife, Empress Michiko, for her support Friday as they marked their 50th wedding anniversary at their palace in Tokyo. While expressing heartfelt gratitude to well-wishers, the 75-year-old emperor said he felt bad about receiving congratulations from many citizens while the nation suffers through a recession.

The emperor choked up at a press conference as he looked back on the years he has spent with his wife, who was the first commoner to marry into Japan’s imperial family.

Michiko, 74, said it was like a dream to be able to celebrate 50 years of marriage, recalling the day of her wedding when, she said, she was “full of anxiety and a lonesome feeling.”

“She has offered tremendous support to me,” Jiji Press quoted the emperor as saying.

The couple is to receive family members and other well-wishers at events throughout the day, the Imperial Household Agency said. (dpa)