Viracor-IBT Laboratories Expands Fungal Testing Services With Launch of Aspergillus PCR Panel

LEE’S SUMMIT, MO, Jun 09 (MARKET WIRE) —
Viracor-IBT Laboratories today announced the launch of the Aspergillus
PCR Panel, a collection of three new tests that will assist in detecting
and measuring Infiltrative Pulmonary Aspergillosis. The new testing
service offers 24-hour turnaround of results and unparalleled
sensitivity. It also expands Viracor-IBT’s comprehensive suite of fungal
testing services which includes Platelia(TM) Aspergillus Galactomannan
EIA and Fungitell(R) β-D Glucan.

Infiltrative Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA) is caused by Aspergillus, a
common fungus with more than 100 species. The infection occurs when
Aspergillus spores are inhaled and colonize in a person’s airways. The
disease primarily affects those with compromised immune systems,
including solid organ transplant, hematopoietic stem cell
transplantation, pelvic inflammatory disease and AIDS patients. It
typically progresses to pneumonia, but can also cause complications in
the central nervous system, kidneys, liver, and heart.

Fast diagnosis of IPA is critical. For patients who are diagnosed within
10 days of the onset of an infection, the disease is treatable and has a
mortality rate of 41 percent. For patients who are not diagnosed within
the first 10 days, the mortality rate climbs to 90 percent.

“Traditional diagnostic tools for IPA can be too slow or not sensitive
enough to help establish an accurate diagnosis,” said Steve Kleiboeker,
chief scientific officer for Viracor-IBT. “In many cases, doctors are
forced to treat patients based on incomplete information and can have to
administer toxic anti-fungal drug therapies as a preventative measure.
When used in conjunction with other diagnostic procedures, Viracor-IBT’s
Aspergillus PCR Panel can be useful in helping to diagnose IPA and
monitor patients with the infection. It has the potential to help improve
patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.”

Viracor-IBT’s Aspergillus PCR Panel includes three assays:
Pan-Aspergillus PCR, A. Fumigatus PCR and A. Terrus PCR. The
Pan-Aspergillus assay detects the presence of all Aspergillus species.
The A. Fumigatus and A. Terrus assays detect the species of Aspergillus
that cause most IPA infections. A. Fumigatus is the source of 50-80
percent of all IPA infections. A. Terrus causes 15 percent of infections.
A. Terrus is important to detect because the fungus is resistant to
Amphotericin B (AmB), a common anti-fungal drug therapy.

Viracor-IBT’s Aspergillus PCR Panel can be employed as a diagnostic aid
for IPA as well as used to monitor a patient’s response to therapy and
serve as a surveillance tool to determine illness before symptoms. The
extraction method used in the Aspergillus PCR Panel makes a distinction
between colonizing Aspergillus, which does not cause infection, and
invasive Aspergillus, which does. Past diagnostic options have not been
able to make this distinction, leading to some misdiagnosis and overuse
of anti-fungal therapies.

Viracor-IBT’s Aspergillus PCR Panel was created with seven years of
research and development. To verify the new panel of tests, Viracor-IBT
worked in partnership with collaborators including University of
Pittsburgh Medical Center, Duke University, University of Arkansas,
University of Texas Health Sciences, and the National Cancer Institute’s
Pediatric Oncology Group.

For more information about Viracor-IBT, the Aspergillus PCR Panel and
other tests available through the company, please visit
www.ViracorIBT.com.

About Viracor-IBT Laboratories

ViraCor Laboratories and IBT Laboratories merged in June 2009 to form a
unique specialty diagnostics laboratory. The combined company specializes
in cellular, immunology, and allergy testing services as well as
molecular assays that detect and monitor microbial pathogens. The company
serves more than 4,000 physicians, hospitals, commercial laboratories and
biopharmaceutical companies nationwide. www.ViracorIBT.com

Media Contact:
Amy D. Asper
615-327-7999
aasper@seigenthaler.com

Copyright 2010, Market Wire, All rights reserved.

Stem cells from embryo sac could heal damaged hearts

Washington, May 29 (IANS) Stem cells obtained from a new non-controversial source – the amniotic membrane discarded as medical waste after childbirth – can heal damaged hearts and form heart muscle cells, results of preliminary lab tests indicate.

Investigators in Japan used the membrane – the inner lining of the sac in which an embryo develops – to obtain stem cells called human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal (undifferentiated) cells (hAMCs).

‘The amniotic membrane is medical waste that could be collected and used after delivery,’ said Shunichiro Miyoshi, study co-author and assistant professor in cardiology at the Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo.

In lab studies, the hAMCs transformed into heart muscle cells improved function of rat hearts 34 percent to 39 percent, when injected two weeks after a heart attack, while untreated hearts continued to decline in function.

They decreased the scarred area of damaged rat hearts 13 percent to 18 percent when injected after a heart attack.

The cells also survived for more than four weeks in the rat heart without being rejected by the recipient’s immune system, even without immunosuppressive medication.

The ability of hAMCs to convert into heart muscle cells was far greater than that from mesenchymal cells derived from bone marrow or fat, Miyoshi said.

That the implanted cells were not rejected is likely because the amniotic sac is a barrier between a woman and her developing foetus. To help prevent either of their immune systems from attacking the other as foreign tissue, the amniotic membrane between them does not produce the proteins that immune systems use to identify foreign tissue.

This means the usual tissue-type matching (HLA typing) needed prior to transplantation would not be needed if hAMCs were used. Drugs to suppress the immune system also might not be needed after transplant.

The findings also suggest that hAMCs can differentiate into cells of various organs, said a release of the American Heart Association (AHA).

Much work, however, remains to be done before testing hAMCs in humans, said the researchers, who are repeating their experiments in larger animals and working to boost the number of heart cells generated by the hAMCs.

The investigators ‘are to be congratulated for their careful work that has brought forward a cell type that may offer the real potential for off-the-shelf cardiac myocyte [muscle cell]-based therapy,’ wrote Marc S. Penn, and Maritza E. Mayorga of the Cleveland Clinic, in Circulation Research, which published these findings.

‘Magic bullet’ may help fight ‘untreatable’ cancers

London, May 19 (ANI): Scientists have offered new hope to cancer sufferers currently given no chance of survival – a ‘magic bullet’ cancer drug that blasts away tumours.

The new drug, developed from a harmless bug that can cause stomach upsets, has been hailed as a major new weapon in the fight against cancer.

Early evidence from a trial, conducted in the UK on patients with advanced, untreatable cancers who had stopped benefiting from radiotherapy has seen remarkable results.

The simple injection has stopped the spreading of the deadly disease in its tracks and has even successfully reversed its growth.

“A magic bullet depends on how you would define a magic bullet, but if you mean a treatment that can kill cancer cells and leave normal cells unscathed, then it has that property,” the Daily Express quoted study leader Dr Kevin Harrington from the Institute of Cancer Research in London as saying.

A common virus is injected into patients and boosts their immune systems, blasting away tumours.

Used in combination with radiotherapy, it creates a potent combination that makes the disease more treatable. The virus is commonly found in human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, with no symptoms apart from mild stomach upsets.

The new drug, called Reolysin, contains the virus particles. The pilot clinical trial, conducted in the UK, shows that Reolysin has the power to combat advanced cancers. (ANI)

Cheese boosts seniors” immune systems

Washington, May 14 (ANI): Cheese can help preserve and enhance the immune system of the elderly by acting as a carrier for probiotic bacteria, say scientists in Finland.

The research, published in FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, reveals that daily consumption of probiotic cheese helps to tackle age-related changes in the immune system.

“The increase in the proportion of aged individuals in modern society makes finding innovative ways to thwart the deterioration of the immune system a priority,” said lead author Dr Fandi Ibrahim from the University of Turku in Finland. “The intake of probiotic bacteria has been reported to enhance the immune response through other products and now we have discovered that cheese can be a carrier of the same bacteria.”

Dr Ibrahim”s team believes that the daily intake of probiotic cheese can tackle the age-related deterioration of the immune system known as immunosenescene.

This deterioration means the body is unable to kill tumour cells and reduces the immune response to vaccinations and infections. Infectious diseases, chronic inflammation disorders and cancer are hallmarks of Immunosenescene.

To tackle immunosenescene the team targeted the gastrointestinal tract, which is the main entry for bacteria cells into the body through food and drink and is also the site where 70 percent of vital immunoglobulin cells are created.

The team asked volunteers aged between 72 and 103, all of which lived in the same care home, to eat one slice of either placebo or probiotic Gouda cheese with their breakfast for four weeks. Blood tests where then carried out to discover the effect of probiotic bacteria contained within the cheese on the immune system.

The results revealed a clear enhancement of natural and acquired immunity through the activation of NK blood cells and an increase in phagocytic activity.

“The aim of our study was to see if specific probiotic bacteria in cheese would have immune enhancing effects on healthy older individuals in a nursing home setting,” concluded Ibrahim. “We have demonstrated that the regular intake of probiotic cheese can help to boost the immune system and that including it in a regular diet may help to improve an elderly person”s immune response to external challenges.” (ANI)

Exposure to traumatic event can change your DNA

Washington, May 12 (ANI): A stressful event can “get under your skin” and change your DNA, says a University of Michigan scientist.

According to Monica Uddin, a molecular epidemiologist with the University of Michigan, being in a car accident, an abusive relationship, or a war can alter a person”s DNA, reports Discovery News.

To reach the conclusion, Uddin”s team studied a group of Detroit residents with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and compared their brain chemistry to a set of non-PTSD adults.

After analyses, they found chemical tracers on DNA sequences, particularly those related to the immune system. Participants with PTSD had detectably different levels of a particular chemical than those without the disorder.

“Our findings suggest that those with PTSD have immune systems that may be in overdrive or overactive in some way,” Uddin said.

“The evidence that we were able to provide through this study is that an externally experienced traumatic event … can actually work its way under the skin and get translated into adverse physical and mental consequences,” she said.

PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can show up after you”ve experienced a horrible event like abuse or a natural disaster. (ANI)

New method to save eyesight loss

London, May 4 (ANI): A scientist duo has found a way to boost the nutritional value of corn—a feat that could reduce the number of children in developing countries who lose their eyesight, become ill or die each year because of vitamin A deficiencies.

Corn contains carotenoids, some of which the body can convert to vitamin A.

Beta-carotene is the best vitamin A precursor, but only a very small percentage of corn varieties have naturally high beta-carotene levels.

In Africa and other developing regions, corn is a major staple and hundreds of thousands of children become blind, develop weakened immune systems and die because of diets based largely on corn that lacks sufficient beta-carotene.

Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists Marilyn Warburton and Edward Buckler identified genetic sequences linked to higher beta-carotene levels in corn and demonstrating an inexpensive and fast way to identify corn plants that will produce even higher levels.

The study is considered a breakthrough in nutritional plant breeding, reports Nature.

In the study, the researchers surveyed the genetic sequences of corn from around the world through association mapping, a method made possible by recent breakthroughs that accelerate the genetic profiling of crops.

The genetic survey revealed natural variations in one gene sequence linked to higher beta-carotene levels.

These variations interacted with a gene identified previously, and the best variations of the two genes together led to an 18-fold increase in beta-carotene, according to Warburton.

The mapping survey identified molecular markers that breeders can use to incorporate the desired gene variants into corn for the developing world.

The researchers are now working with breeders oversees to train them on use of the new techniques.

The study was recently published in Nature Genetics. (ANI)

T cells could aid AIDS vaccine development

Washington, April 29 (ANI): Chinese scientists have come up with a new HIV model that suggests killer T cells could come in handy for an AIDS vaccine.

Physicists and biologists from Xiamen University have been able to incorporate random patterns in the virus” mutation, and the way the virus responds to antibodies, into their model.

They have found that the new model, and the projections made by the new model for development of disease, mirror real-life, clinical behaviour of the virus.

Clinical trials show that the HIV virus behaves quite normally during the acute first phase of human infection, normally 2-6 weeks after HIV enters the host body, during which time the strength of the virus increases and our immune systems deploy killer T cells, CD4+ T cells, to battle against it.

Outwardly, we would experience flu like symptoms and would, when we started to feel better, imagine that we are over the infection but this is not so with the HIV virus which somehow avoids total annihilation and manages to spend years rebuilding strength, slowly chipping away at our immune system.

Researchers suspect that HIV”s ability to avoid annihilation has to do with its own mutating properties and its ability to preferentially target CD4+ T cells, the master regulators of our immune system.

The model-makers from Xiamen University have created a simulation which takes a wider range of variables into consideration and while they are in agreement that both HIV”s mutating and T-cell targeting ability are crucial to the virus” devastating success rate, they have found a possible chink in the virus” armour.

To date, no models have been able to discern between the behavioural patterns of two different types of T-cells, both of which are involved in our internal fights against HIV.

These are CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells. Patterns emerging from these new models now suggest that CD8+T cells could be used to stimulate a stronger response against the virus.

This particular type of T-cell does not appear to be as preferentially targeted by HIV as its counterpart and also appears to be more actively involved in putting the virus down during the first acute phase of the infection.

The researchers write: “We assess the relative importance of various immune system components in acute phase and have found that the CD8+ T cells play a decisive role to suppress the viral load. This observation implies that stimulation of a CD8+T cell response might be an important goal in the development of an effective vaccine against AIDS.”

The study has appeared in New Journal of Physics. (ANI)

Losing just 6kgs ”enough for big health gain”

Sydney, April 20 (ANI): Losing just six kilograms results in a major health gain, says a new study.

Australian scientists said that obesity raises the risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and some cancers.

It sparks damaging changes to immune systems, they added.

However, the new study showed that losing just six kilograms was enough to dramatically turn things around.

“We”ve found that a modest weight loss, of about six kilograms, is enough to bring the pro-inflammatory nature of circulating immune cells back to that found in lean people,” the Sydney Morning Herald quoted study”s co-author Katherine Samaras as saying in a statement.

“These inflammatory cells are involved in promoting coronary artery disease and other illnesses associated with obesity.

“This is the first time it has been shown that modest weight reduction reverses some of the very adverse inflammatory changes we see in people with diabetes,” she added.

To reach the conclusion, Samaras and her colleague studied the immune system functioning of obese people with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes who were put on a restricted calorie diet.

Study participants were limited to between 1000 to 1600 calories a day for 24 weeks, while they also had gastric banding surgery halfway through the trial to further restrict their food intake.

The research showed that only a small amount of weight loss could reap an 80 per cent reduction in these pro-inflammatory cells as well as other positive effects for the immune system.

Samaras said overall the study showed how even minor lifestyle changes could avert the development of life-threatening illness.

The study has been published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism this week. (ANI)

Why uncovering workings of the bacterial “immune system” is crucial?

Washington, April 1 (ANI): Understanding the functioning of the bacterial “immune system” can help to keep industrial microbes at peak performance, a microbiologist has suggested.

Addressing the Society for General Microbiology”s spring meeting, Professor John van der Oost said viruses can wreak havoc on bacteria as well as humans.

Just like humans, bacteria have their own defence system in place, said Prof van der Oost.

Professor van der Oost and his colleagues at Wageningen University in the Netherlands have spent the last three years working out the molecular details of the immune system called CRISPR that is present in bacteria.

The recently discovered CRISPR defence system differs from the immune system in higher organisms in that acquired immunity can be passed down future generations.

This means bacterial offspring are protected from viral attack even before they are exposed to the invading virus.

Specific bacterial proteins recognise infectious viruses, called bacteriophages, by detecting foreign DNA. These proteins take the viral DNA and insert it into the bacterial genome at very specific locations.

Prof van der Oost explained: “Storing the information in this way gives the bacteria a lasting ”memory” of the harmful virus that subsequently confers immunity- much like our own immune systems.”

Upon future attack by the same virus, the DNA sequence of the invader is quickly recognised and destroyed by the bacteria.

Understanding the exact mechanisms of the CRISPR defence system could have big economic rewards for industry.

Prof van der Oost added: “We can exploit this system and expose bacteria to artificial or modified bacteriophages whose DNA could be stored. This would be exactly like giving them a flu jab and protect them against a real attack in the future. For industrially-important bacteria this could be a great cost-saving method to reduce viral infections that may compromise yields of bacterial products. It”s a classic example of vaccinating the workforce to increase its productivity.” (ANI)

Early antibiotic use cuts death toll by HIV in Africa: Report

Mon, Mar 29 10:30 AM

Preventive use of a cheap, commonly-prescribed antibiotic dramatically reduced the death toll among African patients whose immune systems had been ravaged by the AIDS virus, a media report said on Monday.

The drug, co-trimoxazole, marketed as Septrim, Bactrim and other brands, is widely used to combat pneumonia and ear and urinary tract infections and has also been found to have some antimalarial properties.

The investigation covered 3,179 people in Uganda and Zimbabwe who were started on a course of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and whose counts of CD4 immune cells were lower than 200 cells per microlitre.

Among those given co-trimoxazole alongside the anti-HIV drugs, the risk of dying during the first three months fell by 59 per cent compared to those who were not on the antibiotic.

At the 72-week stage, the reduced risk of mortality still persisted, although it evened out to 35 per cent overall.

In addition, co-trimoxazole cut frequency of malaria by 26 per cent.

These benefits, together with the very low side effects, suggest doctors in Africa should also prescribe co-trimoxazole at the early stage of treatment for HIV, says the report, published online by The Lancet.

“Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis (combined with anti-HIV treatment) is cost-effective and has a substantial public health effect,” says the study.
Agencies

Optimism good for body’s immune system

Washington, Mar 24 (ANI): Optimism may be good for your health, say researchers, claiming that feeling better about the future might help you feel better for real.

In a new study, psychological scientists Suzanne Segerstrom of the University of Kentucky and Sandra Sephton of the University of Louisville studied how law students” expectations about the future affected their immune response.

Earlier studies found that people who are optimistic about their health tend to do better, but it”s not clear how optimism affects your health — or whether pessimism makes you less healthy.

For the study, the researchers recruited first-year law students by sending them a packet during the summer before classes started.

The 124 students that participated in the research were studied at five times over six months.

Each time, they answered questions about how optimistic they felt about law school.

Then they were injected with material that should summon an immune response and two days later, they came back to have the injection site measured.

A larger bump in the skin means a stronger immune response.

Immune systems are many-faceted— this test only measures the strength of the part that is responsible for fighting viral infections and some bacterial infections.

The students” general outlook on life — whether they had an optimistic disposition — didn”t account for the differences in immune responses between students.

But as each student”s expectations about law school waxed and waned, their immune response followed along.

At more optimistic times, they would have bigger immune responses, while at a more pessimistic time, a more sluggish immune response.

So, being optimistic about success in a specific, important domain may promote better immunity against some infections.

“I don”t think that I would advise people that they should revise their expectations to be unrealistic. But if people have slightly more positive views of the future than is actually true, that”s adaptive,” said Segerstrom.

The study has been published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. (ANI)

Optimism good for body’s immune system

Washington, Mar 24 (ANI): Optimism may be good for your health, say researchers, claiming that feeling better about the future might help you feel better for real.

In a new study, psychological scientists Suzanne Segerstrom of the University of Kentucky and Sandra Sephton of the University of Louisville studied how law students” expectations about the future affected their immune response.

Earlier studies found that people who are optimistic about their health tend to do better, but it”s not clear how optimism affects your health — or whether pessimism makes you less healthy.

For the study, the researchers recruited first-year law students by sending them a packet during the summer before classes started.

The 124 students that participated in the research were studied at five times over six months.

Each time, they answered questions about how optimistic they felt about law school.

Then they were injected with material that should summon an immune response and two days later, they came back to have the injection site measured.

A larger bump in the skin means a stronger immune response.

Immune systems are many-faceted— this test only measures the strength of the part that is responsible for fighting viral infections and some bacterial infections.

The students” general outlook on life — whether they had an optimistic disposition — didn”t account for the differences in immune responses between students.

But as each student”s expectations about law school waxed and waned, their immune response followed along.

At more optimistic times, they would have bigger immune responses, while at a more pessimistic time, a more sluggish immune response.

So, being optimistic about success in a specific, important domain may promote better immunity against some infections.

“I don”t think that I would advise people that they should revise their expectations to be unrealistic. But if people have slightly more positive views of the future than is actually true, that”s adaptive,” said Segerstrom.

The study has been published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. (ANI)

Scientists come closer to ‘synthetic life’ in lab

London, Aug 21 (ANI): A group of scientists has created a new “engineered” strain of bacteria – a development which could be described as a step towards the creation of “synthetic life”.

The team, including scientist J Craig Venter, a leading figure in the controversial field of synthetic biology, has successfully transferred the genome of one type of bacteria into a yeast cell, modified it, and then transplanted into another bacterium.

The study paves the way to the creation of a synthetic organism – inserting a human-made genome into a bacterial cell.

It has been described in the journal Science.

According to boffins, the advancement overcomes the obstacle of making a new inserted genome work inside a recipient cell.

The resulting cell Sanjay Vashee, one of the authors, and his team created went on to undertake multiple rounds of cell division, to produce a new strain of the modified bacteria.

Vashee is a researcher at the J. Craig Venter Institute in Rockville, Maryland, in the US. He explained to BBC News: “Bacteria have ‘immune’ systems that protect them from foreign DNA such as those from viruses.”

The scientists disabled the immune system, which consists of proteins called restriction enzymes that home in on specific sections of DNA and chop up the genome at these points.

Bacteria can shield their own genomes from this process by attaching chemical compounds called methyl groups at the points which the restriction enzymes attack.

The scientists modified the original genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides, whilst it was inside the yeast cell. Then they either attached methyl groups to it, or inactivated the restriction enzyme of the recipient bacterium, before transplanting the genome into its new cell.

The team aims to transplant a fully synthetic genome into a bacterial cell – creating bacteria that can be programmed to carry out specific functions – for example, digesting biological material to produce fuel. (ANI)

Some kids can safely drink milk, consume dairy products after allergy treatment

Washington, August 19 (ANI): If researchers at the Johns Hopkins Children’s Center are to be believed, some children with a history of severe milk allergy can safely drink milk and consume other dairy products every day.

The researchers came to this conclusion after following up with a subset of children who were part of a 2008 Hopkins Children’s-led study, in which patients allergic to milk were given increasingly higher doses of milk over time.

They said that for many of those children, continuous exposure to milk allergens-the proteins that trigger bad reactions-slowly and gradually retrained their immune systems to better tolerate the very food that once sent those systems into overdrive.

They revealed that the follow-up of 18 children ages 6 to 16 whose severe milk allergies had eased or disappeared found that all children were able to safely consume milk at home, and that reactions, while common, were generally mild and grew milder and milder over time.

According to them, the follow-up varied from three to 17 months, depending on how long it took patients to increase their milk intake.

“We now have evidence from other studies that some children once successfully treated remain allergy-free even without daily exposure, while in others the allergies return once they stop regular daily exposure to milk,” said Dr. Robert Wood, the study’s senior investigator and director of Allergy and Immunology at Hopkins Children’s.

“This may mean that some patients are truly cured of their allergy, while in others the immune system adapts to regular daily exposure to milk and may, in fact, need the exposure to continue to tolerate it,” he added.

The researcher revealed that after up to 17 months of at-home consumption, 13 of the 18 children who could tolerate increasingly higher doses were asked to return to the clinic for milk-drinking tests.

They said that six of the 13 children did not show any reaction after drinking 16,000 mg (16 ounces) of milk, twice the highest tolerated dose during the initial study.

Reactions at doses ranging from 3,000 mg to 16,000 mg were also observed among seven children, said the researchers.

They added that the reactions ranged from oral itch to hives, to sneezing to mild abdominal pain, but none was serious. One child developed cough requiring medications.

The team continued following three kids who could not tolerate doses higher than 2,540 mg (2.5 ounces) – the cutoff set by the investigators at the beginning of the follow-up – which made them ineligible to continue the at-home part of the study.

All three continued to drink milk daily with minimal reactions, and two of the children were eventually able to increase their consumption beyond 2,540 mg, said the group.

Upon measuring sensitivity to milk with traditional skin prick testing, the researchers observed gradual decreases in reactions over time. Seven children had no reactions at eight to 15 months of follow-up.

Blood levels of milk IgE antibodies slowly decreased over time too, another sign of better tolerance to milk. At the same time, a different type of antibody, IgG4 – one that signals immunity to a particular allergen – went up over time, a maker of improved tolerance.

Children and their parents also kept daily logs of milk and dairy consumption and recorded symptoms, such as hives, abdominal pain, sneezing and cough.

During the first three months, consumption of milk triggered reactions 49 percent of the time, with some children experiencing as few as two reactions for every 100 doses of milk consumed.

The figure dropped to 23 percent in the subsequent three months, and some children had no reactions at all.

A research article describing the study has been published in the online edition of the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. (ANI)

Why HIV progresses faster in women than in men

London, July 14 (ANI): An international team of researchers have shed light on why HIV progresses faster in women than in men with same viral load.

Researchers from Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT and Harvard claim to have identified a receptor molecule that responds to the HIV-1 virus differently in women.

“This study may help to account for reported gender differences in HIV-1 disease progression by demonstrating that women and men differ in the way their immune systems respond to the virus,” Nature magazine quoted Dr. Marcus Altfeld, of the Ragon Institute and the MGH Division of Infectious Disease, as saying.

“Focusing on immune activation separately from viral replication might give us new therapeutic approaches to limiting HIV-1-induced pathology,” he added.

During the study, the researchers focused on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), among the first cells of the immune system to respond to HIV-1 and other viral pathogens.

Previous studies have shown that pDCs recognize HIV-1 with the help of a receptor called Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) that triggers the production of interferon-alpha and other important immune system molecules.

It has also been shown that progesterone may modulate pDC activity.

Supporting the previous study results, the researchers found that pDCs from postmenopausal women produced levels of interferon-alpha in response to HIV-1 that were closer to levels observed in men.

They also found that in premenopausal women, higher progesterone levels correlated with increased activation of pDCs in response to HIV-1.

Since activation of T cells predicts the progression of HIV-1 infection to AIDS, the researchers found that stimulation of pDCs in response to HIV-1 led to the subsequent activation of CD8+ T cells by means of interferon-alpha secretion.

For further study, the researchers tested blood samples taken from a group of chronically HIV-1-infected women and men prior to treatment initiation and confirmed that women had higher levels of CD8+ T cell activation than did men with the same blood levels of HIV-1.

“While stronger activation of the immune system might be beneficial in the early stages of infection, resulting in lower levels of HIV-1 replication, persistent viral replication and stronger chronic immune activation can lead to the faster progression to AIDS that has been seen in women,” Altfeld added.

The study has been published in the journal Nature Medicine. (ANI)

Scientists identify plant proteins that “shut the door” on invading bacteria

Washington, June 29 (ANI): A team of researchers in Denmark, at the University of California, Davis, and at UC (University of California) Berkeley, has identified for the first time a group of plant proteins that “shut the door” on bacteria that would otherwise infect the plant’s leaves.

Findings from the study provide a better understanding of plants’ immune systems and will likely find application in better protecting agricultural crops and horticultural plants against diseases.

“The ability of a plant’s immune system to recognize disease-causing microorganisms is critical to the plant’s survival and productivity,” said Gitta Coaker, a UC Davis plant pathologist and lead author on the study.

“In this study, we identified a complex of proteins in the common research plant Arabidopsis that appear to play important roles in the biochemical mechanisms that enable plants to recognize and block out invading bacteria,” Coaker said.

She noted that, over the last 20 years, scientists have identified a number of proteins that are important for regulating the plant immune system.

“Our ability to purify an immune protein complex will serve as a starting point to understand how these proteins signal in the plant,” Coaker said.

“A greater understanding of how these proteins function is fundamental knowledge that can be applied to prevent plant disease,” Coaker added.

In studying the RIN4 protein, Coaker and her colleagues identified six previously uncharacterized proteins that can associate with RIN4 inside plant cells.

One protein, called AHA1, was characterized in-depth and found to be key to the immune response in Arabidopsis plants.

AHA1 can act to regulate the opening and closing of tiny holes called stomata, found on the underside of the leaf.

The stomata allow gases and water to pass in and out of the leaf. This is the same opening that allows bacteria and other invading microbes to gain entrance to the plant.

The stomata are each flanked by two guard cells, which control these vitally important portals to the leaf.

When the guard cells swell, the stomata close. Conversely, when the water content of the guard cells decreases, the stomata open.

The six proteins identified in this study were found to be intricately involved with the biochemical processes that enable the plant to recognize and block out invading bacteria.

The researchers found that RIN4 can act to regulate AHA1 and that both proteins work together to control stomatal openings in response to a disease-causing microorganism.

“These findings highlight how important regulation of the stomata is in Arabidopsis immunity,” Coaker said. (ANI)

Early retroviral use beneficial for AIDS patients with serious complications

Washington, May 16 (ANI): Early retroviral use can significantly benefit AIDS patients with serious complications, suggest researchers.

Most patients don’t seek medical attention until they have a serious AIDS-related condition.

The research team from Stanford University School of Medicine showed that AIDS patients can reduce complications risk by half if they get antiretroviral treatment early on.

“This study shows that it is life-saving to treat those persons with antiretroviral drugs while they are still in the hospital. The results of this study will change practices throughout the world,” said Dr Mitch Katz, San Francisco’s director of health, who was not involved in the study.

Dr Andrew Zolopa, associate professor of infectious diseases and geographic medicine at Stanford and first author of the study said that growing number of the patients, particularly minorities, youth, injection-drug users and those in poor rural areas, are being diagnosed late in the disease process when they’ve already developed life-threatening conditions.

“A lot of people wait, thinking, ‘Let’s get the patient out of acute crisis, and then we’ll deal with the underlying HIV infection later,’” said Zolopa.

“But that answer is wrong. If we’re more aggressive with HIV drugs, we can reduce AIDS-related complications and death by 50 percent. It’s a substantial clinical benefit,” he added.

The study involved 262 patients at 39 sites across the United States, from Puerto Rico to Seattle. They all had one or more opportunistic infection, with the most common ones being pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis and serious bacterial infections.

They found that in patients treated early, there were 20 (14.2 percent) who died or developed another significant AIDS-related complication, compared with 34 patients in the deferred group who died or suffered a new complication.

In addition, the patients in the early treatment group saw a much swifter recovery of their immune systems.

According to Zolopa, the study results probably provide some guidance for patients in developing countries, though each country would have to determine its own strategy for initiating ARVs in patients with advanced AIDS.

The study appears in the online journal PLoS-ONE. (ANI)

Women have better immune systems than men

Washington, May 12 (ANI): The whole world must be going gaga over the equality of sexes, but when it comes immunity, women seem to have an upper hand, according to a study.

The study by Dr. Maya Saleh, of the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, has shown that women have more powerful immune systems than men.

They revealed that the natural production of oestrogen by females could have a beneficial effect on the innate inflammatory response against bacterial pathogens.

More specifically, oestrogen in women seems to block the production of an enzyme called Caspase-12, which itself blocks the inflammatory process.

Thus, the presence of oestrogen may have a beneficial effect on innate immunity, which represents the body’s first line of defence against pathogenic organisms.

“These results demonstrate that women have a more powerful inflammatory response than men,” said Saleh.

The researchers conducted the study on mice that lack the Caspase-12 gene, which implies that the mice were extremely resistant to infection.

The human Caspase-12 gene was implanted in a group of male and female mice, yet only the males became more prone to infection.

“We were very surprised by these results, and we determined that the estrogen produced by the female mice blocked the expression of the human Caspase-12 gene. We were also able to locate where the estrogen receptor binds on the gene in order to block its expression, which indicates that the hormone exerts direct action in this case,” said Saleh.

And as the experiments were conducted using a human gene, the researchers think that the results could be applicable to humans as well.

They said that the above feature of the female innate immune system might have evolved to better protect women’s reproductive role.

The positive effect of natural oestrogen on our resistance to infection is also exhibited with synthetic hormones such as 17-beta-estradiol.

Thus, the finding could open the door to new therapeutic applications that reinforce the immune system.

The results have been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. (ANI)

Swine flu more dangerous for young adults with strong immune systems

Washington, May 6 (ANI): Scientists are suggesting that the swine flu virus may be more dangerous for healthy young adults because it likely kills its victims by inducing a “cytokine storm”, in which a patient’s hyper-activated immune system causes potentially fatal damage to the lungs.

Cytokines are signalling chemicals that help mobilize immune cells capable of removing infectious agents from the body.

Research studies and review articles published in the journal Viral Immunology reveal that a cytokine storm occurs when the body’s immune system over-reacts to an intruder, such as a virus, by producing high levels of cytokines.

The reports further suggest that too much production of cytokines can stimulate an inflammatory response in which the accumulation of immune cells and fluid at the site of infection may prevent affected organs, such as the lung, from functioning properly, and may even cause death.

The researchers behind these articles say that the swine flu contains genetic components of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, which tend to cause an unusually high proportion of deaths among healthy young adults, most likely due to the overproduction of cytokines.

Dr. David L. Woodland, Editor-in Chief of Viral Immunology, emphasizes that much is still not known about the current influenza outbreak and the human/avian combination virus causing it.

“We do not know how long ago this virus emerged, how deadly it is, whether it has pandemic potential, how the severity of infection relates to patient age, and why some infected patients die-whether a cytokine storm is responsible for these deaths,” he says.

He further says what scientists know is that some H1N1 viruses have pandemic potential, and that historical evidence supports the possibility that young healthy adults may be especially susceptible to more severe infection and poor outcomes due to the ability of a strong immune system to initiate a cytokine storm. (ANI)

Avian flu study offers insight into swine flu outbreak

Washington, April 30 (ANI): A new study examining the mechanisms underlying transmission of combined avian-human viruses has shed light on how virus outbreaks like that of the current swine flu come about.

The study, conducted by University of Maryland researchers, suggests that the ease with which a dangerous avian influenza virus can cause a human flu pandemic may be greater than previously thought.

In his study, associate Professor Daniel Perez from the University of Maryland has shown that after an avian and human-like virus combine, the virus requires relatively few mutations to spread rapidly between mammals by respiratory droplets.

“This is similar to the method by which the current swine influenza strain likely formed,” said Perez, program director of the University of Maryland-based Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza Coordinated Agricultural Project, AICAP.

“The virus formed when avian, swine, and human-like viruses combined in a pig to make a new virus. After mutating to be able to spread by respiratory droplets and infect humans, it is now spreading between humans by sneezing and coughing,” he added.

Generally, avian flu viruses infect birds, and human viruses infect humans. Because their immune systems ‘remember’ what the viruses look like from previous exposures, humans and birds tend to have some level of immunity to their respective viruses.

Although avian flu viruses do sometimes infect humans and cause severe illness, these viruses do not transmit easily from human to human so the spread is rare.

A problem arises when an intermediary species that can host both avian and human-like viruses, such a pig, is infected with both types of virus.

In cases like this, the viruses can combine in the host to make hybrid avian-human viruses. These viruses can infect humans but escape the immune response because their surface proteins are foreign to the immune system.

While these viruses can cause serious illness, they are generally not passed easily between humans. However, Perez has shown that this type of virus can fairly easily mutate to spread quickly and potentially cause a human pandemic.

In his study, Perez used the avian H9N2 influenza virus, one that is on the list of candidates for human pandemic potential. Using reverse genetics, a technique whereby individual genes from viruses are separated, selected, and put back together, Perez and his team created a hybrid human-avian virus.

Their research hybrid had internal human flu genes and surface avian flu genes from the H9N2 virus. While similar in origin to the swine flu virus, in that it involved a combination of avian and human influenza viruses, the lab virus came from a different strain of virus than the H1N1 virus now causing the swine flu outbreak.

Perez infected ferrets (considered a good model for human influenza transmission) with the virus he created, and allowed the virus to mutate in the species. Before long, healthy ferrets that shared air space but not physical space with the infected ferret had the virus, showing that the virus had mutated to spread by respiratory droplets.
When the genetic sequences of the mutant virus and original hybrid virus were compared, they found only two surface mutations responsible for supporting respiratory droplet transmission.

Because so few mutations were necessary to make the hybrid H9N2 transmissible this way, they concluded that after an animal-human hybrid influenza virus forms in nature, a human pandemic of this virus is potentially just a few mutations away.

“We do not know if the mutations we saw in the lab are the same that have made the H1N1 swine flu transmissible by respiratory droplets. We will be doing more research on the current swine flu strain to study its specific genetic mutations,” Perez said.

The study was published last week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. (ANI)