Cancer safety fears of most common heartburn treatment rejected

Washington, Sep 10 (ANI): The largest ever study on ‘Proton pump inhibitors’ (PPI)-the second most prescribed group of drugs for heartburn-has dismissed all fears about the cancer causing effects of the treatment.

PPI are the most commonly used treatment for chronic acid reflux, or ‘heartburn’, a painful burning sensation in the chest, neck and throat which is experienced by almost a third of people in developed countries.

Regular and prolonged heartburn is known to cause ‘benign oesophagitis’, a reversible inflammation of the gullet.

However if left untreated a condition called Barrett’s Oesophagus (BE) occurs in around 10 per cent of sufferers, which can in turn develop into a potentially fatal cancer called oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

While PPIs had an excellent safety record, it was unclear if long-term use of these drugs to reduce the discomfort of heartburn could increase the risk of developing either BE or the spread of the associated cancer.

But, the new research carried out at Queen Mary, University of London and Leicester Royal Infirmary, has given the most conclusive evidence yet that this is not the case.

Professor Janusz Jankowski, who co-authored the study, said: “This is one of the most detailed studies investigating both the laboratory and clinical side of proton pump inhibitor drugs. As a consequence we are now better able to inform patients of the good benefit/risk ratio of this commonly prescribed therapy.”

Tests carried out during the two-year study looked at tissue sampled from the oesophagus lining of ninety volunteers, each of whom were given PPI drugs at either a high or low dosage.

Researchers found that there was no difference in the rate at which BE developed, neither was there a change in the number of precancerous cells in either group.

Despite fears about how the treatments might affect people already suffering from BE, the study showed that there was no evidence that this led to any worsening of the condition or any extra incidences of cancer.

PPIs work by blocking the action of gastrin, a hormone that controls acid levels in the stomach, and is known to increase the normal movement of cells in the gastro-intestinal tract.

Since PPI therapy increases the levels of gastrin in the body, it had been thought this could cause expansion of BE affected tissue, but this was not found to be the case.

In fact, the scientists observed neither expansion nor contraction of the abnormal tissue.

The study has been published in the peer reviewed journal Gut. (ANI)

Three-quarters of Brits surf Internet in the loo

London, Aug 24 (ANI): A survey has revealed that Brits are so much into surfing the Internet that three-quarters of them even do it while they are sitting in the loo.

While newspapers and magazines are traditionally associated with an extended toilet session, modern-day trips to empty bowels appear to have taken on a digital nature, reports the Scotsman.

More than a third (34 per cent) of those polled said that they had sent a text message while on the loo.

The research also revealed that some respondents pass their time in bathroom visits thinking about their next meal (14 per cent) or even eating or drinking (6 per cent).

Even though 18 percent of them admitted that they suffered from cramps or pins and needles, nearly two-thirds were unaware that sitting on the loo for too long could cause haemorrhoids.

The survey of more than 2,000 Britons was carried out by Yakult to mark the launch of Gut Week, which aims to raise awareness of digestive disorders. (ANI)

Lily Allen rates English cricketers on who she’ll ‘shag’ or ‘snog’

London, August 22 (ANI): Pop star Lily Allen has apparently revealed who in the England cricket team she will “shag” or “snog”.

Along with her builder boyfriend Sam Cooper, she picked up a programme at the England versus Oz Ashes’ decider at The Oval.

And alongside the players’ names, the brash singer started scribbling what she would like to do with them.

Sam was sitting next to her when she rated Freddie Flintoff a “shag”, and Steve Harmison a “snog”.

“Lily was marking her favourites on the programme and rubbing her fella’s face in it,” the Sun quoted a source as saying.

“She likes Freddie the best so she scribbled shag next to his picture and snog next to Steve’s.

“She likes to wind her boyfriend up and make him jealous. It was doing the trick. She was clinging on to him all day. They were loved-up,” the source added.

Clad in a see-through top, Lily was shown on television as well as on the ground’s big screen several times during the opening day’s play.

Sources have revealed that Sam started to feel uncomfortable when they went to the players’ bar for a tipple at the end of play.

A source said: “He was taking it all in his stride until they went to the bar. It was then when he started to look really uncomfortable with the attention she was getting. She was the talk of the dressing room because of all the stuff she’s been saying about the team.”

Lily is also said to have turned her affections towards champion bowler Stuart Broad on Twitter.

She Twittered: “Stuart Broad is fast becoming my favourite England cricketer. OMG. Broad is a genius. And he doesn’t have a beer gut.”

Reports quoting her having stating that have also pointed out hat her current fella has a beer gut. (ANI)

Scientists discover sea monster with 289 Stones in its gut

Washington, August 21 (ANI): Paleontologists working in southern Utah, US, have unearthed a Dolichorhynchops plesiosaur-a gigantic Dinosaur Era marine reptile-with 289 stones in its gut.

“At the moment, it seems as though the stones served some sort of digestive purpose, helping to grind up bits of shell or bony material within the gut,” Rebecca Schmeisser, a University of Nebraska paleontologist, told Discovery News.

What’s particularly surprising in this case is that the plesiosaur had a relatively short neck.

It’s neck was long by today’s standards, giraffes excluded, but for a plesiosaur, Dolichorhynchops possessed a puny neck.

“The discovery of the gastroliths associated with this plesiosaur specimen were particularly exciting because most plesiosaur gastroliths are found associated with the long-neck morphotype,” Schmeisser explained, adding that “the stones described in our paper are much lighter and smaller than those found in long-neck plesiosaurs.”

This is intriguing, because paleontologists had previously theorized that the stones might have served as ballast, or a means of balancing the animal’s weight underwater.

Now, it could be that the Dolichorhynchops kept swallowing stones that were too light for this purpose, but that’s a doubtful sceanrio.

Modern birds, in addition to their already high fiber diet full of nuts, seeds and fruits, swallow grit.

The grit takes the place of certain strong muscles and bones, such as those associated with the jaw, which help to pulverize and process food.

Birds can then retain their relatively light and dainty anatomical design with the aid of grit.

Some dinosaurs also possessed gastroliths, perhaps for a similar reason. Dinosaurs, like hefty sauropods, weren’t lightweights, but their heads and necks were, relative to the rest of their enormous bodies.

Plesiosaurs were not dinosaurs, even though they looked a bit like underwater dinosaurs.

Plesiosaur behavior was more comparable to that of modern day sea turtles and seals, but the prehistoric animals weren’t at all related to turtles and seals.

It’s possible that the stomach stone/grit solution to digestion independently evolved in plesiosaurs, dinosaurs and modern birds, but more research is needed. (ANI)

Friendly gut bacteria can help fight infection

Washington, Aug 20 (ANI): Scientists from UT Southwestern Medical Centre have discovered friendly human gut bacteria that helps initiate body’s defence mechanisms to fight parasitic infection toxoplasmosis.

The bacteria triggers defence against Toxoplasma gondii, the parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasmosis is generally a mild infection, but it can have serious and potentially fatal effects in pregnant women, their fetuses and others with weakened immune systems.

Studies conducted over mice have shown that T gondii directly activates a specific immune protein in the host, called toll-like receptor 11 (TLR-11), which helps control the animals’ immune response to the parasite. Humans, however, don’t have an active form of this receptor.

In the new study, researchers suggest that instead of activating toll-like receptors directly, T gondii’s first interaction in the human gut is with the helpful bacteria that live inside the body.

Those bacteria then release signaling molecules, alerting the human host to the invader.

“While this is very early data, our results suggest that looking at the bacteria present in each patient’s gut could help physicians understand their susceptibility to infectious diseases,” said Dr. Felix Yarovinsky, assistant professor of immunology at UT Southwestern and senior author of the paper.

“It also suggests the possibility of developing novel probiotic strategies for treating parasitic infections such as toxoplasmosis and cryptosporidiosis, a related disease caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium,” Yarovinsky added.

The primary host of protozoan parasite is the house cat, which are generally infected with T gondii by ingesting contaminated meat, water or the feces of a cat that has recently been infected; however, the parasite also can be passed from mother to fetus. Once a person is infected, the parasite penetrates the intestine and spreads throughout all organs.

The researchers studied mice in which TLR-11 had been genetically eliminated. This mimics the human immune response to T gondii. They then infected the TRL-11-deficient mice with T gondii.

They found that the commensal – or good – bacteria in the gut activated their immune system, thereby inducing various inflammatory responses against the invading pathogen.

In humans it is those helpful bacteria that send activating signals to the three toll-like receptors that are functional, inducing various inflammatory responses against invading pathogens like T gondii.

The study appears in journal of Cell Host and Microbe. (ANI)

Scientists discover pot-bellied dino that had claws like ‘Wolverine’

Washington, July 16 (ANI): Scientists have discovered the most complete skeleton of a type of pot-bellied dinosaur, a therizinosaur, in southern Utah, US, which had claws like that of the fictional ‘X-Men’ character ‘Wolverine’.

According to a report in National Geographic News, dubbed Nothronychus graffami, the 13-foot-tall (4-meter-tall) therizinosaur lived about 92.5 million years ago in what is present-day Utah.

When alive, the animal would have sported a beaked mouth and forelimbs tipped with 9 inch- (22 cm)-long sickle claws.

In life, sheathed in hornlike keratin, the talons would have each been about a foot (30 centimeters) long, or about as long as the dinosaur’s head.

In addition to its imposing claws, which are a therizinosaur trademark, the newfound dinosaur had a less-than-fearsome potbelly, a birdlike beak, stumpy legs, and a short tail.

Its stumpy legs, large gut and other features suggest the lumbering giant scarfed down plants rather than chasing after meaty prey.

Because these facts suggest that the animal was a plant-eater, scientists are puzzled about the use of the killer claws for the dinosaur.

“We really don’t know,” said study team member Lindsay Zanno of the Field Museum in Chicago.

“There are some things we can rule out, such as digging. Other than that, the claws may have been used for defense, to forage for plants, or to attract mates,” she added. (ANI)

Oz experts’ panel questions Ponting’s tactics

Melbourne/Cardiff, July 13 (ANI): A panel of Australian cricketing experts, including Nick McArdle, Damien Fleming and Mark Waugh, have concluded that Australian captain Ricky Ponting’s tactics on the final day of the first Ashes Test at Cardiff, Wales, came up short, and this enabled England to salvage a draw.

Former Australia fast bowler Damien Fleming said he was mystified by Ponting’s decision to remove pace bowler Ben Hilfenhaus just after he had taken the crucial wicket of Graeme Swann to leave the hosts reeling at 8-221.

“I do not know,” Fleming said when asked why Ponting had taken Australia’s in-form quick out of the attack at such a pivotal moment.

“I would have liked to see Hilfenhaus and (Peter) Siddle bowl together for about half-a-dozen overs when they took that ninth wicket. That didn’t happen … I’m sure we will hear a fair bit from it in the next couple of days.”

Former middle-order bat Mark Waugh believes both teams would draw some confidence from the result, but felt that the Aussies are going to be “disappointed” after dominating the Test for large periods

Waugh said he wasn’t expecting a heap of changes from either side but he feels England still have “much more improvement in them”.

With the honours shared, the consensus among the panel appears to be that England might just have scored a decisive moral victory over their Aussie foes.

“Let’s hope we’re not regretting that come fifth Test time,” Fleming said.

Meanwhile in Cardiff, Fox Sports commentators Brendon Julian and Greg Blewett described the last hour of play as “gut wrenching” from an Australian point of view.

Though Australia were unable to finish the job, the panelists agreed that the form of off-spinner Hauritz was an encouraging sign for the rest of the series. (ANI)

Swine flu can travel to the lungs and gut

London, July 3 (ANI): The deadly swine flu virus has the potential to reach deep into the respiratory system, and even as far as the intestines, according to two new studies on ferrets.

The above findings could explain why the disease’s symptoms are different from those of seasonal flu.

The studies were conducted by two separate groups that have been using ferrets to investigate how harmful A(H1N1) influenza virus is, and how easily it is transmitted.

One of the studies was led by Terrence Tumpey at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, whose colleagues put droplets of three different swine flu viruses, and one ‘seasonal’ flu virus, into the noses of ferrets.

Some ferrets shared cages with other uninfected ferrets, and some were placed in cages next to other ferrets, sharing nothing but the air they breathed.

It was found that the ferrets with swine flu strains lost more weight than those with normal flu, and that the swine flu reached lower down into the lungs of some of the ferrets than normal seasonal flu, penetrating the intestines in some cases.

This tallies with observations in humans that some patients suffered vomiting and diarrhoea.

In a second study, led by Ron Fouchier at the Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, it was found that the virus could penetrate the lungs.

“This is the first indication of how pathogenic [swine flu] really is. In the field that conclusion is hard to draw,” Nature magazine quoted Fouchier as saying.

Ferrets have long been used as an animal model for flu because they show similar symptoms to humans, and tend to last the same amounts of time in both species.

The studies showed that the virus wasn’t transmitted between animals as efficiently as the seasonal flu, but Fouchier’s results indicated that the virus was transmitted just as efficiently as seasonal flu.

The studies have been published in Science. (ANI)

Potential new target for pancreatitis treatment identified

Washington, June 30 (ANI): Scientists have identified a potential new target for the treatment of pancreatitis.

Pancreatitis is often a fatal condition, in which the pancreas digests itself and surrounding tissue.

Scientists have previously found that alcohol can trigger the condition by combining with fatty acids in the pancreas, which leads to an excessive release of stored calcium ions.

Once calcium ions enter cell fluid in the pancreas it activates digestive enzymes and damages the cells.

The team, in collaboration with the RIKEN Brain Science Institute in Japan, have now identified channels within special stores that allow calcium to enter the fluid inside pancreatic cells.

They have also found that toxic calcium release can be significantly reduced if the gene responsible for the production of these channels is ‘deleted’.

“The pancreas releases enzymes into the gut, where they become activated and digest our food. When these digestive enzymes are activated inside the cells, however, they start to digest the pancreas itself, causing serious damage and often death,” Professor Ole Petersen, from the University’s School of Biomedical Sciences, said.

“Alcohol is widely recognised as one of the triggers for this process, but the reasons behind it have been unclear.

“We now know that alcohol, in combination with fatty acids, can produce substances that cause an excessive increase in calcium ions in the pancreatic cell water.

“We have found that this excessive build-up is caused by the movement of calcium ions from special calcium stores into the cell water, which activate digestive enzymes from within the cell.

“Our new research identifies the channels through which calcium movement occurs and importantly the genes which are responsible for the production of these channels.

“This work highlights the dangers of excessive drinking; the higher the levels of alcohol in the blood, the higher the risk of pancreatitis. Now that we have identified the genes that can control the condition, we should be able to develop more successful treatments for the disease,” Petersen added. (ANI)

A woman’s partner status influences her interest in the opposite sex

Washington, May 29 (ANI): A woman’s interest in the opposite sex does get influenced by her partner status, according to a study.

Indiana University neuroscientist Heather Rupp asked 59 men and 56 women rated 510 photos of opposite-sex faces for realism, masculinity/femininity, attractiveness, or affect.

The participants were instructed to give their “gut” reaction and to rate the pictures as quickly as possible.

The men and women ranged in age from 17 to 26, were heterosexual, from a variety of ethnic backgrounds and were not using hormonal contraception.

Twenty-one of the women reported that they had a current sexual partner, compared to 25 of the men.

Rupp observed that women both with and without sexual partners showed little difference in their subjective ratings of photos of men when considering such measures as masculinity and attractiveness.

However, the researchers revealed, the women who did not have sexual partners spent more time evaluating photos of men, demonstrating a greater interest in the photos.

Rupp further revealed that the study did not find any difference between men who had sexual partners and those who did not.

“That there were no detectable effects of sexual partner status on women’s subjective ratings of male faces, but there were on response times, which emphasizes the subtlety of this effect and introduces the possibility that sexual partner status impacts women’s cognitive processing of novel male faces but not necessarily their conscious subjective appraisal,” the authors wrote in a research article.

They also noted that influence of partner status in women could reflect that women, on average, are relatively committed in their romantic relationships, “which possibly suppresses their attention to and appraisal of alternative partners.”

Rupp, assistant scientist at The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction, added: “These findings may reflect sex differences in reproductive strategies that may act early in the cognitive processing of potential partners and contribute to sex differences in sexual attraction and behaviour.”

The study has been published in the journal Human Nature. (ANI)

Coming soon, a sureshot way to treat constipation

Washington, April 9 (ANI): Suffering from constipation? Well, help is on the way – a team of researchers has identified a potential drug target to make it a lot easier to go to the bathroom, especially when all other methods fail.

They have discovered a group of nerve ending receptors, which, when stimulated, causes the bowels to pass waste, and the specific receptor needed to activate bowel clearance.

Also, they tested chemicals that work with those receptors, providing a blueprint for the development of new laxatives.

“We hope that the receptor identified by our study would be exploited more in the design of drugs to treat constipation,” said Bindu Chandrasekharan, a researcher from Emory University who was involved in the study.

The study involved two groups of mice, focusing on a type of receptor also present on human nerves in the gut (a type of adenosine receptor).

The first group of mice had normal adenosine receptors on these nerves and normal bowel movements. The second group of mice completely lacked these adenosine receptors and showed familiar signs of constipation.

The researchers started with simple experiments such as comparing the wet weight, dry weight, and water content in the stools of both groups.

The mice were also made to drink a dye not absorbed by the body to see how it passed or did not pass.

In addition, the researchers used microscopic lasers to separate the nerve cells from the bowel to determine exactly where the receptors are located. Then they tested various chemicals that can activate or inhibit the nerve receptors.

Gerald Weissmann, M.D, Editor-in-Chief of The FASEB Journal, said: “Here’s why: First, we can look forward to a solution to what is sometimes a serious problem, especially infants and the elderly. Second, it’s the first definitive proof that these receptors, the adenosine receptors, control bowel function. This discovery promises to yield agents that will permit us to sit down and ease up in the middle of a busy day.”

The study has been published online in The FASEB Journal. (ANI)

Eating porridge in breakfast ‘can make you feel fuller for longer’

London, Mar 18 (ANI): Scientists from King’s College London have discovered that eating a bowl of porridge in the morning can keep a person feeling fuller for longer.

Their study suggests that foods with a low glycaemic index (GI), like oats, trigger the release of greater amounts of a hormone in the gut, which delays hunger pangs by creating a ‘full’ sensation.

It is already known that a low GI diet takes longer to digest, releasing sugar more slowly into the bloodstream.

Now, King’s College researchers have found that foods with a low GI score, which include brown bread and most fruit and vegetables, stimulate the release of around 20 per cent more of the GLP-1 hormone per meal than foods with a high GI ratio.

Study’s lead author Dr Reza Norouzy said that the chemical was ‘one of the most potent hormones for suppressing appetite’.

“Our results suggest that low GI meals lead to a feeling of fullness because of increased levels of GLP-1 in the bloodstream,” the Telegraph quoted her, as saying.

“This is an exciting result which provides further clues about how our appetite is regulated, and offers an insight into how a low GI diet produces satiety,” she added.

For the study, the researchers looked at the effects of different diets on 12 healthy volunteers.

The results of their findings were presented at the annual Society for Endocrinology BES meeting in Harrogate. (ANI)

‘Fat controller’ found in the gut

London, Mar 16 (ANI): A team of American scientists has discovered a ‘fat controller’ in the gut that may help fight obesity.

According to researchers, by disabling the enzyme that helps the body to absorb fat, it is possible to prevent weight gain.

The discovery could pave the way for new drug treatments to protect against obesity, and could also help stop the development of high cholesterol and even a fatty liver.

Researchers at the University of California in San Francisco found that the intestinal enzyme MGAT2 plays a crucial role in this energy storage process and the consequent build-up of fat.

They found that by making the enzyme inactive in mice, the animals were able to consume a high-fat diet without putting on weight.

After 16 weeks the MGAT2-deficient mice weighed an incredible 60 per cent less than normal mice, while their fat mass was 50 per cent lower.

The researchers concluded that by disabling MGAT2, the fat the mice consumed was converted into energy rather than stored in the body.

“Since we eat a lot of fat in our diet, if you transfer the fat absorption in a way that the body can tolerate without many side effects, that would be useful,” the Daily Express quoted lead author Professor Bob Farese Jr, professor of medicine and biochemistry at the University of California in San Francisco, said.

“The enzyme is a gatekeeper in the intestine for absorbing fat. e inactivated that in mice to see how effective it was.

“The mice that didn’t have the enzyme were given more fat and the rate of uptake of fat was slowed,” he added.

The study has been published online in Nature Medicine. (ANI)

Gene silencing blocks malaria parasites development in multiple mosquito species

Washington, March 14 (ANI): Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health have revealed that they have been able to block the development of the malaria-causing parasite in Anopheles gambiae, A. stephensi and A. albimanus mosquitoes-three mosquito species that spread malaria in Africa, Asia and the Americas-by silencing a gene called caspar.

The researchers revealed that caspar silencing activates the transcription factor Rel 2, a key molecule involved in regulating several potent anti-Plasmodium defence genes that attack the parasite in the mosquito gut.

They said that caspar silencing through the manipulation of gene expression resulted in mosquitoes that successfully blocked the development of Plasmodium falciparum in the gut tissue.

The team said that silencing a gene called cactus, which is part of another pathway called Toll, was also found to have similar effect in controlling the development of Plasmodium berghei, which causes malaria in rodents.

“When a mosquito is feeding on malaria-infected blood, the parasite will be recognized by the mosquito’s immune system through receptors that then start the immune response. In the wild, this response is believed to occur too late to mount an efficient immune defense that would kill all parasites.

At least a few Plasmodia will successfully develop inside the mosquito and enable transmission of malaria,” said Dr. George Dimopoulos, senior author of the study and associate professor at the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute.

“In the lab we activated this immune response in advance of infection, giving the mosquito a head start in defeating the invading parasite,” he added.

The researchers also found that Rel 2 activation did not affect the survival and egg laying fitness of the modified mosquitoes.

“This came as a pleasant surprise since it essentially means that we one day could spread this trait in natural mosquito populations using genetic modification. Furthermore, by activating Rel 2, the genetically modified mosquitoes will attack the malaria parasite with several independent immune factors, and this will make it very difficult for Plasmodium to develop resistance,” said Dimopoulos.

An article on this study has been published in PLoS Pathogens.(ANI)

Gut worm may help treat asthma

London, Jan 29 (ANI): The humble worm could hold the key to wiping out asthma and other conditions which are on the rise due to the modern mania with cleanliness, reckon scientists.

Researchers in Nottingham are currently investigating whether giving hook worms to asthma sufferers can cure their condition.

In developed countries, the worms have been eliminated from humans, because of an increased emphasis on hygiene, reports the Telegraph.

However, experts believe their absence could be one of the reasons why some illnesses, including asthma and diabetes, are increasingly prevalent.

Now, a trial by scientists at Nottingham University is testing whether infecting asthma sufferers with hookworms can ease their symptoms.

Besides UK boffins, American researchers are also attempting to replicate the results of an Argentinian study which showed that infecting multiple sclerosis sufferers with parasites slowed the progression of the condition.

If successful, researchers hope that pharmaceutical companies could develop drugs which have the same positive effect on the immune system as worms.

Professor Jan Bradley, an expert in parasite immunology from Nottingham University, said that our immune systems could be “out of balance” because of a lack of the parasites.

“It’s not inconceivable that for certain bowel conditions you might take it in your drink,” she said. (ANI)

Scientists solve marine carbon cycle mystery

Washington, Jan 16 (ANI): A new research has provided new insights into the mystery of the marine carbon cycle, which is undergoing rapid change as a result of global CO2 emissions.

The research reveals the major influence of fish on maintaining the delicate pH balance of our oceans, vital for the health of coral reefs and other marine life.

Until now, scientists have believed that the oceans’ calcium carbonate, which dissolves to make seawater alkaline, came from the external ‘skeletons’ of microscopic marine plankton.

This study estimates that three to 15 per cent of marine calcium carbonate is in fact produced by fish in their intestines and then excreted.

This is a conservative estimate and the team believes it has the potential to be three times higher.

Fish are therefore responsible for contributing a major but previously unrecognised portion of the inorganic carbon that maintains the ocean’s acidity balance.

The researchers predict that future increases in sea temperature and rising CO2 will cause fish to produce even more calcium carbonate.

To reach these results, the team created two independent computer models which for the first time estimated the total mass of fish in the ocean.

They found there are between 812 and 2050 million tonnes (between 812 billion and 2050 billion kilos) of bony fish in the ocean.

They then used lab research to establish that these fish produce around 110 million tonnes (110 billion kilos) of calcium carbonate per year.

Calcium carbonate is a white, chalky material that helps control the delicate acidity balance, or pH, of sea water.

pH balance is vital for the health of marine ecosystems, including coral reefs, and important in controlling how easily the ocean will absorb and buffer future increases in atmospheric CO2.

This calcium carbonate is being produced by bony fish, a group that includes 90 percent of marine fish species but not sharks or rays. These fish continuously drink seawater to avoid dehydration.

This exposes them to an excess of ingested calcium, which they precipitate into calcium carbonate crystals in the gut.

The fish then simply excrete these unwanted chalky solids, sometimes called ‘gut rocks’, in a process that is separate from digestion and production of faeces.

The study reveals that carbonates excreted by fish are chemically quite different from those produced by plankton.

This helps explain a phenomenon that has perplexed oceanographers: the sea becomes more alkaline at much shallower depths than expected.

The researchers predict that the combination of increases in sea temperature and rising CO2 expected over this century will cause fish to produce even more calcium carbonate. (ANI)

Bid to save endangered red panda from extinction in Sikkim

Gangtok, Jan 15 (ANI): Sikkim is making efforts to save endangered Red Panda from extinction.

The Himalayan Zoological Park (HZP), Gangtok in collaboration with the State Forest Department has initiated a programme for the conservation and breeding of Red Panda at a natural enclosure in the park.

“Red panda is an endangered species. We are in an initial stage now. We have already set up a small venture-breading centre for Red Panda. Presently, we have six animals, two females and four males. In the conservation breeding programme, we have been successful since 1999 when a male was brought from Darjeeling zoo and a female was brought from Holland,” said Gut Lepcha, Additional Director of Forest, HZP.

A newly born Red Panda, born six months back in June at the breeding centre in the HZP, has been identified as a male one.

Presently, there are six red pandas (4 male and 2 female) being incarcerated in an architectural enclosure in the Park.

The State Government has asked the forest department to draft a master plan for the zoo, which also includes the architectural remodeling of the enclosure of Red Panda, various programs for its conservation and breeding.

The State Government is very keen to expand the Red Panda breeding and also to initiate similar program for Snow Leopard and other targeted species for which the ideal sites have been identified.

Red Panda, one of the rare and endangered animal species in the world categorized in Schedule I of Wildlife Protection Act and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), is the state animal of Sikkim. By Tanshi Pradhan (ANI)

Understanding extinct microbes has significant implications for modern human health

Washington, January 6 (ANI): University of Oklahoma researchers in the U.S. say that researching into extinct microbes may have significant implications for the state of modern human health, for such studies raise questions about the microbes living on and within people.

Within the gut, microbes are known to assist in human digestion, improve energy intake, produce vitamins and even help in the development of a healthy immune system.

Cecil Lewis, assistant professor in the Department of Anthropology, says that ancient DNA research can be helpful in determining whether there are certain aspects of the ecology that all humans share.

“We’ve introduced bacteria into our system through foods from around the world. Fruits imported from various parts of the world contribute to the global microbiomes that now inhabit our bodies,” says the researcher, adding that ancient microbiome studies provide a view of these ecosystems prior to the modern world economy.

Given that the gut microbiome in living people is frequently studied using faecal samples, Lewis and his colleagues would compare two ancient coprolites, which are old dry or fossilized faeces, to understand the state of microbiomes before the global world economy.

The researchers say that the coprolites were 1,300 years old from Central Mexico, and that genetic testing determined that they were from two different people.

The team analysed the microbiomes within the coprolites.

They claim that they have retrieved ancient DNA evidence for bacteria species similar to that seen in human microbiomes today, and characterized the functional aspects of these extinct microbiomes.

According to the group, a comparison between the two ancient samples showed them to be very similar to one another.

Lewis and his colleagues also found that the two ancient microbiomes were more similar to each other functionally than a sample of modern microbiomes.

They proposed that prehistoric microbiomes were more geographically structured than those found today, a discovery that may change the way scientists look at human microbiomes if it is proved to be true.

The researchers say that geographically structured microbiomes have ramifications for human health, for pioneering work on modern microbiomes has shown that certain bacteria can impact disease and health states, including diabetes and immune systems disorders.

Lewis says that understanding ancient microbiomes provides a better picture of microbiomes as they coadapted with our ancestors.

He admits that his findings are preliminary and that many new challenges are ahead, but insists that his research will be of interest to many, including medical professionals and biologists and the public.

“We should be thinking of ourselves as ‘superorganisms’ harbouring microbes from around the world. This is much more complicated than just the cells that make up the body. We have more than just our body to nurture to be in good health,” says Lewis.

His publication on ancient human microbiomes is available from one of the Public of Library of Science journals, PLoS ONE. (ANI)