A matter of taste: the crappuccino delicacy

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono has raised a few eyebrows with his choice of a gift for the Prime Minister Kevin Rudd during the Indonesian president’s state visit to Australia.

Kopi luwak or civet coffee comes from the rear end of a small furry animal found in the jungles of Indonesia and quite a few other countries in the region.

Perhaps it’s no surprise that the Prime Minister’s aides immediately and possibly ungraciously handed the unopened packet over to AQIS, the Australian Quarantine Inspection Service for a once over.

Kopi luwak is the rarest, the most expensive and most fabled coffee in the world. Selling for prices of $1,500 a pound or more in the United States and 50 pounds a cup in London , it’s also the most counterfeited.

A few years back I went to the mountains of Sumatra to track down the source of kopi luwak for the ABC’s Foreign Correspondent program.

Yes, kopi luwak really is the poo of the common palm civet, a small weasel-like animal found across Asia and Africa.

This is what it looks like “fresh” from the forest floor.
And this is where it comes from.
Jenny was the first civet domesticated by brothers Joko Basuki and Susanto when they set up their luwak farm at a secret location in the mountains near Lampung. Sadly I had a message recently from Joe to tell me that Jenny had died, but her fellow luwaks were still hard at work consuming the luscious red coffee cherries at the front end and producing kopi luwak at the other.

Sorting the precious beans from everything else that emerges is not the world’s most glamorous job.
So what can Kevin Rudd expect from his precious gift?

This is how I described the taste for ABC online at the time:

“The aroma is smoky and pungent and even somewhat reminiscent of its immediate origin but the flavour is unique, mild and smooth with a hint of rich dark chocolate and secondary notes of earth and musk.”

Rat as big as a cat found in extinct volcano in Papua New Guinea

London, September 7 (ANI): An expedition team has found a new species of giant rat in an extinct volcano in the jungle of Papua New Guinea, which at 82cm length, is as big as a cat.

According to a report by BBC News, the creature, which has not yet been formally described, was discovered by an expedition team filming the BBC programme ‘Lost Land of the Volcano’.

The rat, which has no fear of humans, is among the largest species of rat known anywhere in the world.

Like the other exotic species, the rat is believed to live within the Mount Bosavi crater, and nowhere else.

“This is one of the world’s largest rats. It is a true rat, the same kind you find in the city sewers,” said Dr Kristofer Helgen, a mammalogist based at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History who accompanied the BBC expedition team.

Initially, the giant rat was first captured on film by an infrared camera trap, which BBC wildlife cameraman Gordon Buchanan set up in the forest on the slopes of the volcano.

The expedition team, from the BBC Natural History Unit, recorded the rat rummaging around on the forest floor, and was awed by its size.

Immediately, they suspected it could be a species never before recorded by science, but they needed to see a live animal to be sure.

Then trackers accompanying the team managed to trap a live specimen.

“I had a cat and it was about the same size as this rat,” said Buchanan.

The trapped rat measured 82cm in length from its nose to its tail, and weighed approximately 1.5kg.

It had a silver-brown coat of thick long fur, which the scientists who examined it believe may help it survive the wet and cold conditions that can occur within the high volcano crater.

The location where the rat was discovered lies at an elevation of over 1,000m.

Initial investigations suggest the rat belongs to the genus Mallomys, which contains a handful of other out-sized species.

It has provisionally been called the Bosavi woolly rat, while its scientific name has yet to be agreed.

Mount Bosavi, where the new rat was found, is an extinct volcano that lies deep in the remote Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea.

The expedition team entered the crater to explore pristine forest, where few humans have set foot.

The island which includes Papua New Guinea and New Guinea is famous for the number and diversity of the rats and mice that live there. (ANI)

New species of lungless salamander found in Appalachian foothills of the US

London, July 9 (ANI): A striking new species of lungless salamander has been found living in a small stream in the Appalachian foothills of the US.

According to a report by BBC News, the salamander, scientifically known as ‘Urspelerpes brucei’, is so distinct that it’s been classified within its own genus, a taxonomic grouping that usually includes a host of related species.

The creature breathes through its skin, and unusually for its kind, males and females have different colouration.

Such a distinct amphibian has not been found in the US for half a century.

The researchers who discovered the creature have dubbed it the ‘patch-nosed’ salamander after the yellow patch on the animal’s snout.

The tiny animal averages just 25 to 26mm long.

The researchers found so few of the animals that either it is highly secretive, or more likely it survives in such small, isolated numbers that it is already at risk of extinction.

“This animal is really a spectacular find,” said Biologist Carlos Camp of Piedmont College in Demorest, Georgia, who led the team which described the new species.

“It is the first genus of amphibian, indeed of any four-footed vertebrate, discovered in the US in nearly 50 years,” he added.

The Appalachian Highlands of the southeastern US is a hot spot for lungless salamander diversity, with species occupying a variety of moist or wet environments including living in streams, underground, among the leaf litter of the forest floor, up cliffs and in trees.

“The salamander fauna of the US, particularly of the southern Appalachians, has been intensively studied for well over a century, so the discovery of such a distinct form was completely unsuspected,” said Carlos.

The amphibian also looks strikingly different to other species.

For a start, it has the smallest body size of any salamander in the US.

It is also the only lungless salamander in the US whose males have a different colour and pattern than females, a trait more characteristic of birds.

Males have a pair of distinct dark stripes running down the sides of the body and a yellow back. Females lack stripes and are more muted in colour.

Males also have 15 vertebrae, one less than females. Yet while most species of lungless salamander have male and females of differing sizes, those of Urspelerpes brucei are close to being equal in size.

Uniquely for such a small lungless salamander, Urspelerpes brucei has five toes, whereas most other small species have reduced that number to four. (ANI)

Ferns climbed aboard trees to experience flowering of their own species diversity

Washington, July 3 (ANI): Scientists have constructed a new time-calibrated family tree for ferns, which has indicated that while modern tropical rain forests were becoming established, ferns climbed aboard, and experienced a flowering of their own species diversity.

The family tree for ferns was created by Duke University researcher Eric Schuettpelz, along with associate professor Kathleen Pryer.

Though ancient, it appears that ferns really came into their own during a very hot, very wet period that peaked about 10 million years after the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary 65 million years ago.

“Two key innovations may have led to the ferns’ success in the face of the new competition from flowering plants,” Schuettpelz said.

Some ferns developed the ability to make a living on light that was more toward the red end of spectrum. Around this time, some ferns also developed the ability to live on trees, sometimes without soil, as epiphytes.

By storing water, developing thicker skin, or being more tolerant to drying out, the epiphytic ferns could now perch on a trunk, limb, or twig and live quite happily more than 100 feet off the forest floor, where moisture, temperature, and sunlight are very different indeed.

Whereas the fossil record seemed to suggest that ferns experienced three distinct pulses of species diversification, the Duke team’s analysis shows that there was a fourth, roughly corresponding with the development of epiphytism.

So, as rain forests developed and tropical trees and vines clawed past each other to reach heavenward, they took the ferns up along with them.

Thousands of new fern species evolved to take advantage of all the new niches being created in the canopy.

“In some ways I guess, the epiphytes escaped the battle on the ground,” Schuettpelz said.

Today, epiphytes comprise about 30 percent of the more than 9,000 living fern species. (ANI)