Karzai unlikely to claim Afghan election victory soon

Washington, Sep.17 (ANI): With accusations of vote fraud piling up around Afghanistan’s presidential election, incumbent Hamid Karzai is unlikely to claim victory any time soon.

At the very least, a national electoral complaints commission investigating fraudulent voting will take weeks to determine how much of Karzai’s officially declared 54.6 percent of the vote will be tossed out, reports the Christian Science Monitor.

At the other extreme, a potential need for a runoff vote could end up stretching Afghanistan’s political turmoil into next spring – presenting President Obama and other NATO leaders with an unsettled and deteriorating climate just as crucial policy decisions are under review.

Marvin Weinbaum, a former State Department intelligence specialist in Asian affairs now at the Middle East Institute in Washington, said:. “We face a possible constitutional crisis that, if not resolved, becomes a disaster for us, and a partner [Karzai] acting in ways that in effect raise questions as to whether he should be in there or not.”

Aside from a runoff vote, which could be declared if investigations show Karzai’s total falling below 50 percent, some parties are calling for a coalition government, while others support the idea of a nonpolitical transitional government.

That debate has crystallized in a row between foreign officials over the best way to address Afghanistan’s political predicament. Peter Galbraith, a senior US official working in Kabul as the deputy special UN representative for Afghanistan, abruptly left the country after clashing with his boss, Kai Eide, over what path forward to advocate.

Galbraith favors a larger recount of votes, even if it leads to a runoff between Karzai and his main political rival, Abdullah Abdullah, and an extended period of political uncertainty. (ANI)

Six factors that affect pupils’ involvement in school activities

Washington, Sep 2 (ANI): An expert on classroom education at the University at Buffalo has listed six factors that affect whether elementary, middle and high school students get involved in the activities of their schools or feel detached.

Dr. Jeremy D. Finn said that students who feel “disengaged” from school are at greater risk for dropping out, avoiding challenging courses, scoring low on standardized achievement tests and achieving less as adults.

“Disengagement is the failure to develop a sense of school membership, failure to participate actively in class and school activities, or failure to become cognitively involved in learning. Different degrees of disengagement may be exhibited by students at all stages of schooling. The extreme of disengagement is leaving school without graduating, thus severing connections with school, teachers and activities that support learning,” said Finn.

And according to him, the six factors that can contribute to student disengagement are:

1. Failure to provide early school experiences that can impact engagement in later grades

2. School conditions that are inconsistent with the needs of adolescents

3. School conditions that produce feelings of anonymity

4. Rules and disciplinary practices that are unclear, too harsh or administered unfairly.

5. Inadequate academic and personal support for students at risk of “disidentification.”

6. Course work that may be seen as irrelevant to the needs of the students (upper grades).

These six factors and solutions are drawn from Finn’s research on the effects of class size, from an analysis of published research on the subject and from the “Dropout Prevention Guide,” which is authored by six experts including Finn.

He noted that each of the six factors can be addressed by changing school policies and/or practices to affect student behaviour.

Finn is presenting the research at an international education symposium on student engagement in New Zealand. (ANI)

Climate change could deepen poverty in developing countries

Washington, August 20 (ANI): A new study has determined that climate change could deepen poverty in developing countries.

In the study, a team led by Purdue University researchers examined the potential economic influence of adverse climate events, such as heat waves, drought and heavy rains, on those in 16 developing countries.

Urban workers in Bangladesh, Mexico and Zambia were found to be the most at risk, as the cost of food drives them into poverty.

“Extreme weather affects agricultural productivity and can raise the price of staple foods, such as grains, that are important to poor households in developing countries,” said Noah Diffenbaugh, the associate professor of earth and atmospheric sciences and interim director of Purdue’s Climate Change Research Center.

“Studies have shown global warming will likely increase the frequency and intensity of heat waves, drought and floods in many areas. It is important to understand which socioeconomic groups and countries could see changes in poverty rates in order to make informed policy decisions,” he added.

The team used data from the late 20th century and projections for the late 21st century to develop a framework that examined extreme climate events, comparable shocks to grain production and the impact on the number of impoverished people in each country.

“The occurrence and magnitude of what are currently the 30-year-maximum values for wet, dry and hot extremes are projected to substantially increase for much of the world,” said Diffenbaugh.

“Heat waves and drought in the Mediterranean showed a potential 2700 percent and 800 percent increase in occurrence, respectively, and extreme rainfall in Southeast Asia was projected to potentially increase by 900 percent,” he added.

In addition, Southeast Asia showed a projected 40 percent increase in the magnitude of the worst rainfall; central Africa showed a projected 1000 percent increase in the magnitude of the worst heat wave; and the Mediterranean showed a projected 60 percent increase in the worst drought.

A statistical analysis was used to determine grain productivity shocks that would correspond in magnitude to the climate extremes, and then the economic impact of the supply shock was determined.

Future predicted extreme climate events were compared to historical agricultural productivity extremes in order to assess the likely impact on agricultural production, prices and wages.

According to Thomas Hertel, a distinguished professor of agricultural economics and co-leader of the study, “Food is a major expenditure for the poor and, while those who work in agriculture would have some benefit from higher grains prices, the urban poor would only get the negative effects.” (ANI)

Jordan brands Peter Andre a ‘hypocrite’

Washington, July 13 (ANI): Katie Price a.k.a Jordan has reportedly branded her estranged husband Peter Andre a hypocrite.

The glamour model was said to be ‘incandescent’ over his reaction to her TV confession about miscarriage, reports the Mirror.

The ‘Mysterious Girl’ singer reportedly said that he was ‘deeply disappointed’ by Jordan’s decision to speak out to ITV’s Piers Morgan.

However, Price told a pal “Peter seems to be forgetting that he demanded a divorce just 12 days after I had a miscarriage.

“Those are the facts and for him to cast himself as innocent and upset in all of this is unbelievable and hypocritical in the extreme.

“He is not the good guy as everyone is making out – in fact, the opposite is true,” she added. (ANI)

‘Extreme’ college drinking, sensation-seeking attitude linked to alcohol-related injuries

Washington, May 23 (ANI): Excessive drinking and a sensation-seeking attitude among college students are the biggest reasons behind risk of alcohol-related injuries, according to a study.

The study examined the “dose-response” effect of quantities and frequencies, and estimated that more than 500,000 college students suffered alcohol-related injuries in 2001.

“In the United States, most – as in 70 percent – of college students have consumed alcohol in the past 30 days, and 40 percent of students have engaged in heavy drinking in the past two weeks,” said Marlon P. Mundt, corresponding author for the study.

He added: “More than 1,700 U.S. college students aged 18-24 died from alcohol-related injuries in 2001. Approximately 2.8 million U.S. college students drove under the influence of alcohol in the past 12 months, and 600,000 U.S. college students were hit or assaulted by a student who was under the influence of alcohol.”

The study examined the combined “dose-response” effects of drinking quantities and frequencies on college alcohol-related injury risk.

Initially, the researchers surveyed 12,900 college students seeking routine care in five college health clinics on alcohol use and other health risk behaviours.

Of those, 2,090 who exceeded at-risk levels of alcohol consumption participated in face-to-face interviews, which assessed previous 28-day alcohol use, as well as alcohol-related injuries in the preceding six months.

“Compounding the risk of multiple days of heavy drinking, students who drank 8+ drinks for males or 5+ drinks for females on at least four days per month, for example, every weekend, were five times more likely to be injured than those who did not frequently cross the 8+ M/5+ F drinking limit. In addition, students who scored high on sensation-seeking disposition also experienced greater risk for alcohol-related injuries,” said Mundt.

He added that prior research had shown that a sensation-seeking disposition is linked to alcohol-related injuries treated at hospital emergency rooms, and also linked to alcohol-impaired driving.

“College administrators, parents, and clinicians need to focus their intervention efforts on these students – ‘frequent extreme heavy drinkers’ – who score high on sensation-seeking disposition. These are the students at high risk for injury. Quantities alone, or frequency of consumption alone, do not show the whole picture. A drinking pattern of frequent extreme intoxication is key, as it escalates injury rates rapidly,” said Mundt.

The results will be published in the September issue of Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. (ANI)

Drew Barrymore doesn’t believe in dieting

New Delhi, April 27 (ANI): Drew Barrymore, famed for her curvaceous figure, is not in favour of going on extreme diets to become thin.

The actress believes that one can achieve ideal body shape by eating everything in moderation as well as undergoing regular exercise, reports the China Daily.

“My top beauty and fitness tip is to eat whatever you want in smaller increments but don’t starve yourself to societal pressures,” she said.

“And I love to exercise because it makes me feel good about myself,” she added.

Unlike many other celebrities take dieting to the extreme in order to get as thin as possible, the ‘Grey Gardens’ star is determined to maintain her figure through healthy eating and exercise. (ANI)

Language of music is certainly universal

Washington, Mar 20 (ANI): A study on native African people has revealed that the language of music is certainly universal, and that people can pick out happy, sad, and fearful emotions in Western music without any prior exposure to it.

The researchers said that their findings indicated that the expression of those three basic emotions in music could be universally recognized

“These findings could explain why Western music has been so successful in global music distribution, even in music cultures that do not as strongly emphasize the role of emotional expression in their music,” said Thomas Fritz of the Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences.

The basic feature in Western music is the expression of emotions, but in other musical traditions music is often appreciated for other qualities, such as group coordination in rituals.

The researchers set out to find out whether people, who had no prior exposure to Western music, could appreciate its emotional aspects.

For the study, they enlisted members of the Mafa, one of about 250 ethnic groups in Cameroon.

Fritz travelled to the extreme north of the Mandara mountain ranges, where they live, with a laptop and sun collector to supply electricity in his backpack.

The studies showed that both Western and Mafa listeners, who had never before heard Western music, could recognize emotional expressions of happiness, sadness, and fear in the music more often than would be expected by chance.

However, it was found that the Mafa showed considerable variability in their performance, with two of twenty-one study participants performing at chance level.

Both groups relied on similar characteristics of music to make those calls: both Mafas and Westerners relied on temporal cues and on mode for their judgment of emotional expressions, although this pattern was more marked in Western listeners.

The researchers manipulated the music and found that both Western listeners and African listeners found original music more pleasant than altered versions.

The preference could probably be due to the increased sensory dissonance of the manipulated tunes.

“In conclusion, both Mafa and Western listeners showed an ability to recognize the three basic emotional expressions tested in this study from Western music above chance level. This indicates that these emotional expressions conveyed by the Western musical excerpts can be universally recognized, similar to the largely universal recognition of human emotional facial expression and emotional prosody,” wrote the researchers.

The study has been published online in Current Biology, a Cell Press publication. (ANI)

Global warming would lead to expansion of ‘dead zones’ in oceans

Washington, Jan 26 (ANI): A team of Danish researchers has shown that unchecked global warming would lead to a dramatic expansion of low-oxygen areas zones, or ‘dead zones’, in the global ocean by a factor of 10 or more.

Dead zones are low-oxygen areas in the ocean where higher life forms such as fish, crabs and clams are not able to live.

In shallow coastal regions, these zones can be caused by runoff of excess fertilizers from farming.

Whereas some coastal dead zones could be recovered by control of fertilizer usage, expanded low-oxygen areas caused by global warming will remain for thousands of years to come, adversely affecting fisheries and ocean ecosystems far into the future.

According to Professor Gary Shaffer of the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, who is the leader of the research team at the Danish Center for Earth System Science (DCESS), “Such expansion would lead to increased frequency and severity of fish and shellfish mortality events, for example off the west coasts of the continents like off Oregon and Chile.”

Together with senior scientists Steffen Olsen oceanographer at Danish Meteorological Institute and Jens Olaf Pepke Pedersen, physicist at National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Professor Shaffer has performed projections with the newly-developed DCESS Earth System Model, projections that extend 100,000 years into the future.

“If, as in many climate model simulations, the overturning circulation of the ocean would greatly weaken in response to global warming, these oxygen minimum zones would expand much more still and invade the deep ocean,” he added.

Extreme events of ocean oxygen depletion leading to anoxia are thought to be prime candidates for explaining some of the large extinction events in Earth history including the largest such event at the end of the Permian 250 million years ago.

Furthermore, as sub-toxic zones expand, essential nutrients are stripped from the ocean by the process of denitrification.

This in turn would shift biological production in the lighted surface layers of the ocean toward plankton species that are able to fix free dissolved nitrogen.

This would then lead to large, unpredictable changes in ocean ecosystem structure and productivity, on top of other large unpredictable changes to be expected from ocean acidification.

According to Professor Shaffer, “The future of the ocean as a large food reserve would be more uncertain. Reduced fossil fuel emissions are needed over the next few generations to limit ongoing ocean oxygen depletion and acidification and their long-term adverse effects.” (ANI)

How vegetation responds to climate extremes

Washington, Jan 9 (ANI): A new study has determined that when extremes of drought and flood come in rapid succession, the extent of damage to vegetation may depend in part on the sequence of those events.

The study, which focused on tree species common to the Everglades in Florida, found that seedlings maintained higher growth rates and were less likely to die when subjected to drought first then flood, rather than vice versa.

The findings could have significant implications for predicting how vegetation responds to climate extremes—especially amid forecasts of increasingly severe droughts and floods associated with climate change, according to authors ShiLi Miao (South Florida Water Management), Chris B. Zou and David D. Breshears (both from University of Arizona).

According to Dr. Miao, most previous studies on how vegetation responds to hydrological events have been based largely on responses to a single hydrological condition.

Few studies have investigated multiple events in succession.

“Our research suggests that you can’t really predict how the plants will respond to combinations of drought and flood by studies that look just at a single drought or a single flood,” Dr. Miao said. “We found that plants respond very differently depending on the sequence of flood and drought,” she added.

In a greenhouse, Dr. Miao’s team subjected seedlings to sequences of conditions that simulated drought and flood, with each phase lasting four months.

The three species chosen for the experiments have varying tolerances to hydrological events.

The pond-apple tree tends to be flood tolerant. The gumbo-limbo, also known as West Indian birch, tends to be drought tolerant. The red maple, also known as swamp maple, has intermediate tolerances to drought and flood.

Each species tested showed higher mortality and lower growth rate when flood was first in the sequence, compared to when drought came first.

The study has implications for the restoration and management of the Everglades and other aquatic systems, according to Dr. Miao.

The results suggest that “the challenge ahead includes evaluating different sequences of extreme events.”

Dr. Miao and her team plan to conduct additional research on various wetland plants related to their nutrient removal function under extreme hydrological conditions. (ANI)

Floods will become commonplace by 2080

London, Jan 9 (ANI): A new research has predicted that floods will become commonplace by the year 2080, especially across the UK.

The research, led by Dr Hayley Fowler, of Newcastle University, predicts that severe storms – the likes of which currently occur every five to 25 years across the UK – will become more common and more severe in a matter of decades.

Looking at ‘extreme rainfall events’, where rain falls steadily and heavily for between one and five days, the study predicts how the intensity of these storms may change in the future.

Dr Fowler found that across the UK, the amount of rain falling during one of these extreme events was likely to increase by up to 30 per cent by 2080.

This increase is most likely to occur in autumn, winter and spring when the ground is already saturated, posing the biggest threat of flooding.

“Predicting how extreme rainfall might change many years in the future is very difficult because events can be quite localised, especially in the summer,” explained Dr Fowler.

“You only have to think about how difficult it is for the Met office to predict the weather two or three days in advance – the overall picture for the country tends to stay the same but local weather patterns can change quite dramatically,” he added.

According to Dr Fowler, “By taking a much more detailed look at the results from different regional climate models, we have created a more accurate picture of how wet Britain will be by 2070.”

“What the data quite clearly shows is that we’re going to see far more of these extreme downpours in years to come, putting more and more homes at risk from flooding, particularly in autumn and winter months when the ground is already saturated,” he added.

Dr Fowler, who worked on the study with Dr Marie Ekstrom from Exeter University, examined seasonal rainfall data from 13 Regional Climate Models for nine regions across the UK and used this to study the projected changes.

Consistent with global warming, the team found that as the air becomes warmer and is able to hold more moisture, Britain will get wetter.

In general, the study suggests larger changes to the intensity of short duration extreme rainfall events – those lasting one or two days. Northern and western regions of the UK are predicted to be worst hit.

“What our data does show is that floods are no longer going to be freak events. All 13 models we looked at predict increases in extreme rainfall in winter, autumn and spring by the 2080s although the percent increase varies,” said Dr Fowler. (ANI)

‘Smashing your PC’, only way to prevent data theft by fraudsters

London, Jan 8 (ANI): The safest way to stop fraudsters stealing information from old computer hard drives is to “destroy the PC with a hammer”, a consumer magazine has said.

The computing magazine Which? recovered 22,000 “deleted” files from eight computers purchased on eBay.

They then used specialist software to recover files that the original owner had deleted, reports the Daily Express.

Sarah Kidner, editor of Which? Computing, warned that the risk of becoming a victim was increasing.

“Even if you delete your files, you”d be surprised how easy it is to recover your personal data. Such information could bring identity thieves a hefty payday.

“It sounds extreme, but the only way to be 100 percent safe is to smash your hard drive into smithereens,” she said. (ANI)

Space is closer to Earth than believed

Washington, Jan 8 (ANI): Space is not as far from the Earth’s surface as people think, for scientist have discovered that the ionosphere, the layer of electrically charged particles that comprises the outer atmosphere, is thinner than expected, and cooler too.

Knowledge of the shape and size of the ionosphere may help in determining how particularly dense regions within it may distort radio, radar and navigation signals, which can make communications and satellite-based systems less reliable.

“In order to predict how severe those distortions will be, it”s necessary to know how big those structures in the ionosphere are and where they exist,” Discovery News quoted Roderick Heelis, with the Space Sciences Center at the University of Texas in Dallas, as saying.

The researchers used a suite of NASA instruments called CINDI, which fly on the U.S. Air Force Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) satellite between 250 miles and 530 miles around the equator.

CINDI is an acronym for Coupled Ion Neutral Dynamics Investigation, and works by separately measuring ionized and neutral particles at altitudes where the Air Force satellite flies.

During the summer of 2008, a time when the solar activity was unusually quiescent, the researchers found that the ionosphere was quite thin at those altitudes.

“It was a real fortuitous combination of low solar activity and the satellite”s [range]. We didn”t expect to be able to look at the top of the ionosphere in all places,” said Hellis.

Based on previous research, computer models had predicted the ionosphere to be about 370 miles above Earth at night and about 620 miles up during the day, which varied due to temperature and other factors.

However, using CINDI, the researchers found that the transition between the ionosphere and space was about 250 miles above Earth at night and about 500 miles up during the day.

The ionosphere is primarily caused by extreme ultraviolet energy from the sun.

The findings were presented at the annual American Geophysical Union conference in San Francisco last month. (ANI)

NASA study explains hazards of severe space weather for Earth’s technology

Washington, Jan 6 (ANI): In a NASA-funded study, researchers at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington have detailed how extreme solar eruptions could severely affect for communications, power grids and other technology on Earth.

The study offers some of the first clear economic data that effectively calculates today”s risk of extreme conditions in space driven by magnetic activity on the sun and disturbances in the near-Earth environment.

Instances of extreme space weather are rare and are categorized with other natural hazards that have a low frequency but high consequences.

“Obviously, the sun is Earth”s life blood. To mitigate possible public safety issues, it is vital that we better understand extreme space weather events caused by the sun”s activity,” said Richard Fisher, director of the Heliophysics division at NASA Headquarters in Washington.

The sun periodically releases billions of tons of matter called coronal mass ejections other than emitting a continuous stream of plasma called the solar wind.

And these immense clouds of material, when directed toward Earth, can lead to large magnetic storms in the magnetosphere and upper atmosphere and the resulting space weather can affect the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems.

Space weather can produce solar storm electromagnetic fields that trigger extreme currents in wires, disrupting power lines, causing wide-spread blackouts and affecting communication cables that support the Internet.

Also, severe space weather produces solar energetic particles and the dislocation of the Earth”s radiation belts, which can damage satellites used for commercial communications, global positioning and weather forecasting.

Ever since the telegraph was invented in the 19th century, space weather has been recognized as causing problems with new technology.

It is possible to diminish a catastrophic failure of commercial and government infrastructure in space and on the ground by raising public awareness, improving vulnerable infrastructure and developing advanced forecasting capabilities.

Society could become more vulnerable in the future if there are no preventive actions or plans leading to the trend of increased dependency on modern space-weather sensitive assets.

The study, which had national and international experts from industry, government and academia working on it, documents the possibility of a space weather event that has societal effects and causes damage similar to natural disasters on Earth.

“Whether it is terrestrial catastrophes or extreme space weather incidents, the results can be devastating to modern societies that depend in a myriad of ways on advanced technological systems,” said Daniel Baker, professor and director of the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado in Boulder. Baker chaired the panel that prepared the report. (ANI)

Obama’s victory may turn Gus Van Sant into a boring filmmaker

New York, Jan 5 (ANI): Film director Gus Van Sant says that Barack Obama’s historic victory in the 2008 U.S. presidential election could lead him into becoming a boring filmmaker.

Van Sant, 56, who had directed ‘Milk’, said that with a Democratic administration coming to power, the artistic adventure had been cut down.

“Art tends to get quite good when the regime is oppressive. The films I”ve made under friendlier leaders, like Clinton, have become less challenging,” the New York Post quoted him as telling The Times of London.

“With Bush in the White House, my films got darker and more extreme.

“(Obama”s election) suggests I”ll get more conventional,” he added.

Van Sant is now working on an adaptation of Tom Wolfe’s ‘The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test’. (ANI)

Microsoft says malware threats rise 43 per cent

Microsoft says malware threats rise 43 per centSan Francisco – Worldwide threats from malicious software that cripple computers with spy programs, viruses and worms have increased 43 per cent over the past year, Microsoft said Monday in its Security Intelligence Report.

The software giant said that the rise occurred despite a significant improvement in the security of its operating systems, as hackers targeted individual programs and naïve users.

Microsoft said that 90 per cent of new vulnerabilities over the past year targeted programs, while only 10 per cent honed in on operating systems.

The report indicated that malware infection rates are generally higher in developing countries than in developed ones. Infection rates range from 1.8 for every 1,000 computers in Japan to above 76.4 for every 1,000 in Afghanistan.

The United States had an infection rate of 11.2 infected computers for every 1,000 scanned – an increase of 25.5 percent in the last six months.

Microsoft recommended a number of protective steps that computer users should take: Checking for security updates from Microsoft and third-party software providers, installing up-to-date firewalls and antivirus and anti-spyware programs, and exercising extreme caution in opening links and attachments embedded in emails, even if the email is from a trusted source.

These links can direct users to phony Web sites in a technique called phishing, which then combs users’ computers for sensitive information.

China has the highest rate for these so-called browser-based exploits which comprised 46.6 per cent of all security incidents there, compared to 23.3 percent in the US, Microsoft said. (dpa)