Doomadgee inquest finishes hearing legal submissions

The inquest into death in custody of Cameron Doomadgee has finished hearing legal submissions in Brisbane after being told a finding of the use of deliberate force is not possible within the constraints of the law.

Mr Doomadgee died from a ruptured liver and portal vein after a fall at the police station on Palm Island off Townsville in north Queensland in 2004.

Senior Sergeant Chris Hurley was acquitted of Mr Doomadgee’s manslaughter in 2007.

At issue in the latest inquiry into his death, is whether the injuries were caused accidentally in a fall with Senior Sergeant Hurley, or whether they resulted from deliberate force.

The family of Mr Doomadgee has urged the coroner to rule that his injuries were caused by deliberate force.

The family’s submission argues Senior Sergeant Hurley maintained he fell to the side of Mr Doomadgee, until the medical evidence made it clear that his account could not explain the injuries.

Counsel for Senior Sergeant Hurley is urging the coroner to find the injuries were caused accidentally and his initial recollection of the events was faulty.

But Counsel for the Queensland Attorney-General says the medical evidence suggests the injuries could not have been caused by a simple fall.

Counsel assisting the coroner, Ralph Devlin, told the court the dichotomy between the deliberate and accidental application of force was irreconcilable.

He said circumstantial evidence points to deliberate use of force by Sergeant Hurley but medical evidence leaves open the possibility the fatal injuries were caused accidentally.

Deputy Chief Magistrate Brian Hine says he hopes to hand down his findings in Townsville on May 14.

New evidence confirms presence of oceans on Earth 4 bln yrs ago

Sydney, March 15 (ANI): A study of crystals found in Greenland has provided for new evidence of the theory that oceans covered the Earth four billion years ago.

According to a report by ABC Science, the Australian and Swedish researchers, led by geochronologist Dr Chris Kirkland, from the Western Australian Department of Mines and Petroleum, have found evidence from sandstones in the Moræneso Formation in North Greenland, which confirms the presence of oceans on the early Earth.

The researchers analysed the ratio of heavy to light isotopes of oxygen in zircons ranging from 900 to 3900 million years old.

They compared this isotopic ratio to the current average isotopic ratio of oceans called the ‘standard mean ocean water’.

“The nice thing is there is one grain that confirms the Jack Hills results and that is really critical in science,” said study co-author Dr Martin Van Kranendonk, also from the Department of Mines and Petroleum.

“Before we only had that data from one locality, now we have the same result literally from the other side of the world,” he added.

The isotopic composition of this grain shows that it must have been altered by low temperature, near surface conditions, which points to weathering by liquid water.

“Rain is probably not enough to give this sort of a signature because we are dealing with large areas of exposed rocks and they have been significantly altered (by weathering),” said Van Kranendonk.

“The volume of water must have been significant,” he added.

Since subduction is needed to drag water into the crust, the finding also confirms that plate tectonics, the cycling of the Earth’s crust, was happening at this time, albeit in a different way, according to the researchers.

Van Kranendonk said that the evidence points to a weaker, hotter crust sinking at a shallower angle into the underlying mantle.

The research also confirms a suspected shift in the composition of the Earth’s crust 2.5 billion years ago.

“We think this oxygen isotope value shows changes in the style of continental crust, and reflects the continents getting stiffer,” Van Kranendonk said. (ANI)

New evidence points towards water on Moon

London, September 19 (ANI): Two separate lunar missions have found evidence which indicates that the polar regions of the moon are chock full of water-altered minerals.

According to a report in Nature News, early results from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), launched on June 18, are offering a wide array of watery signals.

The Moon, in fact, has water in all sorts of places: not just locked up in minerals, but scattered throughout the broken-up surface, and, potentially, in blocks or sheets of ice at depth.

“We are on the verge of a renaissance in our thinking about the poles of the Moon, including how water ice gets there,” said Anthony Colaprete, principal investigator for the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), which on October 9, will slam into a polar crater with the intention of ploughing up a plume of water ice for many telescopic eyes to see.

The initial LRO results confirm what was long suspected as a way for ice to stay trapped on the Moon for billions of years.

A thermal mapping instrument showed that permanently shadowed regions within deep polar craters are as cold as 35o Kelvin (-238o Celsius).

Project scientist Richard Vondrak said that they are the coldest spots in the Solar System – even colder than the surface of Pluto.

Variations in the flux of neutrons suggests variability in water content among craters.

But, the surprise comes from a different instrument on LRO, which counts slow-moving neutrons as a way of measuring hydrogen abundance in the top metre or so of the surface.

This hydrogen is often interpreted as a proxy for water ice, although it could also be molecular hydrogen or hydrogen trapped in other molecules.

The LRO instrument has already found a significant excess of hydrogen at the poles.

But, with added resolution, it is seeing surprising variability within the polar regions. Some of the craters appear enriched in hydrogen. Others are not.

Stranger still, some areas outside the crater walls, which were thought to get too hot for water to linger, show an excess of hydrogen.

Vondrak said this shows that the water could have arrived more recently, or that it can persist if buried as impacts till the lunar soil.

If the LCROSS impact spews up ice, it will eliminate the last vestiges of doubt about water on the Moon.

It could also start a new hunt: to find a record of impact events, such as water-rich comet strikes, that put the ice there in the first place. (ANI)

New evidence points towards water on Moon

London, September 19 (ANI): Two separate lunar missions have found evidence which indicates that the polar regions of the moon are chock full of water-altered minerals.

According to a report in Nature News, early results from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), launched on June 18, are offering a wide array of watery signals.

The Moon, in fact, has water in all sorts of places: not just locked up in minerals, but scattered throughout the broken-up surface, and, potentially, in blocks or sheets of ice at depth.

“We are on the verge of a renaissance in our thinking about the poles of the Moon, including how water ice gets there,” said Anthony Colaprete, principal investigator for the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), which on October 9, will slam into a polar crater with the intention of ploughing up a plume of water ice for many telescopic eyes to see.

The initial LRO results confirm what was long suspected as a way for ice to stay trapped on the Moon for billions of years.

A thermal mapping instrument showed that permanently shadowed regions within deep polar craters are as cold as 35o Kelvin (-238o Celsius).

Project scientist Richard Vondrak said that they are the coldest spots in the Solar System – even colder than the surface of Pluto.

Variations in the flux of neutrons suggests variability in water content among craters.

But, the surprise comes from a different instrument on LRO, which counts slow-moving neutrons as a way of measuring hydrogen abundance in the top metre or so of the surface.

This hydrogen is often interpreted as a proxy for water ice, although it could also be molecular hydrogen or hydrogen trapped in other molecules.

The LRO instrument has already found a significant excess of hydrogen at the poles.

But, with added resolution, it is seeing surprising variability within the polar regions. Some of the craters appear enriched in hydrogen. Others are not.

Stranger still, some areas outside the crater walls, which were thought to get too hot for water to linger, show an excess of hydrogen.

Vondrak said this shows that the water could have arrived more recently, or that it can persist if buried as impacts till the lunar soil.

If the LCROSS impact spews up ice, it will eliminate the last vestiges of doubt about water on the Moon.

It could also start a new hunt: to find a record of impact events, such as water-rich comet strikes, that put the ice there in the first place. (ANI)

New evidence points towards recent ice age on Mars

Washington, August 28 (ANI): In a new research, scientists have found evidence on the Martian terrain that points towards a recent ice age on the Red Planet.

The research, by Samuel C. Schon and James W. Head from the Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, was carried out to explain the distribution of ice in the near subsurface at middle to high latitudes on Mars.

Two hypotheses emerged out of the research.

While one theory suggested diffusion of water vapor into porous regolith, the other indicated atmospheric deposition of ice, snow, and dust during recent ice ages.

To determine which of these hypotheses is correct, Schon and his team used data from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) to examine the structure of exposed subsurface mid-latitude Martian terrain.

The researchers observed that the terrain is characterized by layered deposits multiple meters thick that stretch over many hundreds of meters.

They suggest that climate variations are most likely the source of this stratification.

The layers probably formed as dust, ice, and snow were deposited on the ground during recent ice ages, which occurred during periods when the tilt of Mars’s axis of rotation was higher than usual.

Vapor diffusion would be unlikely to result in the observed layered structure, according to the researchers.

They said that the observations also suggest that significant subsurface ice may remain in the 30 – 50 degrees mid-latitude regions. (ANI)

Largest lake on Saturn’s moon Titan found to be as smooth as a mirror

London, August 22 (ANI): A new study has shown that the largest lake on Saturn’s moon Titan is as smooth as a mirror, varying in height by less than 3 millimeters, and good enough for skipping rocks on it.

According to a report in New Scientist, the find, based on new radar observations, adds to a deluge of evidence that the moon’s lakes are indeed filled with liquid, rather than dried mud.

“Unless you actually poured concrete and spread it really, really smoothly, you’d never see something like that on Earth,” said team member Howard Zebker of Stanford University.

Astronomers have waffled on whether Saturn’s largest moon is dry or wet, but the bulk of the evidence points to liquid lakes.

The radar on the Cassini spacecraft, which arrived at Saturn in 2004, turned up dark splotches at Titan’s poles.

The darkness in radar indicates those regions are very smooth, like the signal expected from the surface of a liquid lake.

Spectral data also showed that the apparent lakes seem to be filled with methane and ethane, which would be liquid on Titan’s frigid surface, and “geomorphologically, they just look like lakes,” Zebker said.

But, previous radar observations viewed the apparent lakes at an angle, and therefore did not see bright radar glints reflected back from their surface, leaving open the possibility that the features were dry lake beds or patches of soot.

Now, researchers report seeing just that signal.

In December last year, Cassini pointed its radar straight down over Titan’s largest lake, Ontario Lacus, which spans 235 kilometres at the moon’s south pole.

The reflected signal was so strong, it maxed out the probe’s receiver.

The radar echoes revealed a surface covering thousands of square metres whose height varies by less than 3 millimetres – 10 times as flat as previous measurements were able to reveal.

“It’s very hard to imagine a solid surface that is smooth on the order of millimeters,” lead author Lauren Wye of Stanford told New Scientist.

This provides strong evidence that the lake is currently liquid, not dried mud.

“If you’ve ever walked outside and seen an area on the ground where there’s mud and the water dries up, even that is pretty flat – but you get cracks in the mud and pieces that curl up,” Zebker said. “You never see anything as smooth as what we’re inferring for Titan’s surface,” he added.

Confirming the presence of liquid on Titan adds to the long list of similarities between Titan and Earth. (ANI)

Evidence points towards methane seeping from Arctic sea bed

London, August 19 (ANI): A team of scientists has said that they have evidence that the powerful greenhouse gas methane is escaping from the Arctic sea bed.

According to a report by BBC News, researchers said this could be evidence of a predicted positive feedback effect of climate change.

As temperatures rise, the sea bed grows warmer and frozen water crystals in the sediment break down, allowing methane trapped inside them to escape.

The research team found that more than 250 plumes of methane bubbles are rising from the sea bed off Norway.

The joint British and German research team detected the bubbles using a type of sonar normally used to search for shoals of fish.

Once detected, the bubbles were sampled and tested for methane at a range of depths.

The team said that the methane was rising from an area of sea bed off West Spitsbergen, from depths between 150 and 400m.

The gas is normally trapped as “methane hydrate” in sediment under the ocean floor.

“Methane hydrate” is an ice-like substance composed of water and methane which is stable under conditions of high pressure and low temperature.

As temperatures rise, the hydrate breaks down. So, this new evidence shows that methane is stable at water depths greater than 400m off Spitsbergen.

However data collected over 30 years shows it was then stable at water depths as shallow as 360m.

Temperature records show that this area of the ocean has warmed by 1 degree Celsius during the same period.

According to the research team, this is the first time that this loss of stability associated with temperature rise has been observed during the current geological period.

Professor Tim Minshull of the National Oceanography Centre at Southampton told BBC News, “We already knew there was some methane hydrate in the ocean off Spitsbergen and that’s an area where climate change is happening rather faster than just about anywhere else in the world.” ethane gas rises from the sea bed in plumes of bubbles, with most of it dissolving before reaching the surface.

So far, scientists haven’t detected methane breaking the ocean surface, but they don’t rule out the possibility.

“There’s been an idea for a long time that if the oceans warm, methane might be released from hydrate beneath the sea floor and generate a positive greenhouse effect,” said Minshull. (ANI)

Evidence points towards methane seeping from Arctic sea bed

London, August 19 (ANI): A team of scientists has said that they have evidence that the powerful greenhouse gas methane is escaping from the Arctic sea bed.

According to a report by BBC News, researchers said this could be evidence of a predicted positive feedback effect of climate change.

As temperatures rise, the sea bed grows warmer and frozen water crystals in the sediment break down, allowing methane trapped inside them to escape.

The research team found that more than 250 plumes of methane bubbles are rising from the sea bed off Norway.

The joint British and German research team detected the bubbles using a type of sonar normally used to search for shoals of fish.

Once detected, the bubbles were sampled and tested for methane at a range of depths.

The team said that the methane was rising from an area of sea bed off West Spitsbergen, from depths between 150 and 400m.

The gas is normally trapped as “methane hydrate” in sediment under the ocean floor.

“Methane hydrate” is an ice-like substance composed of water and methane which is stable under conditions of high pressure and low temperature.

As temperatures rise, the hydrate breaks down. So, this new evidence shows that methane is stable at water depths greater than 400m off Spitsbergen.

However data collected over 30 years shows it was then stable at water depths as shallow as 360m.

Temperature records show that this area of the ocean has warmed by 1 degree Celsius during the same period.

According to the research team, this is the first time that this loss of stability associated with temperature rise has been observed during the current geological period.

Professor Tim Minshull of the National Oceanography Centre at Southampton told BBC News, “We already knew there was some methane hydrate in the ocean off Spitsbergen and that’s an area where climate change is happening rather faster than just about anywhere else in the world.”

Methane gas rises from the sea bed in plumes of bubbles, with most of it dissolving before reaching the surface.

So far, scientists haven’t detected methane breaking the ocean surface, but they don’t rule out the possibility.

“There’s been an idea for a long time that if the oceans warm, methane might be released from hydrate beneath the sea floor and generate a positive greenhouse effect,” said Minshull. (ANI)

Figures will prove Pakistanis, not Indians responsible for terrorism: Editorial

Islamabad, April 20 (IANS) If the correct facts and figures are presented in parliament, they will prove that Pakistanis themselves and not Indians are responsible for a rash of terror incident across the country, an editorial in a leading English daily contended Monday.

‘Put the facts and figures and reports before parliament. Let the people’s representatives see for themselves how often the evidence points towards the Baitullah Mehsuds and the Lashkar-i-Jhangvis and how often towards the Indians or Americans,’ Dawn said in the editorial, headlined ‘Shutting parliament out’.

It also lamented that the National Assembly, the lower house of parliament, has been extremely lax in dealing with the 1,395 lives lost in 1,841 terror-related incidents that have occurred in the 14 months the present government has been in power and has not even sought a single report on the scourge.

‘Democracy, the politicians seem to forget, isn’t about form over substance,’ Dawn said.

Noting that when there isn’t a National Assembly in place or its ‘composition’ is jigged to please a strongman, the politicians are rightly up in arms.

‘But once a relatively freely elected and representative National Assembly is in place, the government of the day seems to regard its mere existence as enough for the democratic project. It is not,’ Dawn said.

This was particularly so when it comes to militancy and its roots – about which there is still a disastrous lack of consensus – ‘the government must do everything it can to involve parliament,’ the editorial maintained.

What then, could parliament do, Dawn asked, and provided the answer.

‘At the counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency level, it can assess what has gone wrong in the state’s response and what to do about it,’ it said.

Pointing out that the terror incidents had occurred across the length and breadth of the country, the editorial said: ‘What happens in southern Punjab is connected to what occurs in Swat which is connected to what happens in FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas) which may, perhaps sooner than some realise, be connected to a surge of terrorism in Karachi.’

At the tactical level, the fight against militancy in Pakistan’s cities, for example, will no doubt have to largely be fought by the provincial governments, but the National Assembly too has an important role to play, the editorial maintained.

‘Consider the fact that even when the police do capture militants and their leaders, successful prosecutions are rare. This happens for many reasons: the police investigations are conducted unprofessionally, the prosecutors rely on tainted evidence and witnesses or the law needs to be updated,’ Dawn said.

Thus, where more resources are needed by the provinces, parliament can look into the matter and devise a national response.

‘Where the legal side needs to be revamped, parliament can enact the necessary laws. But if the National Assembly isn’t seized of the matter of terrorism generally, if even the details of terrorist acts are not laid before it, it can hardly be expected to develop a response, let alone a credible, coherent one.’

Dawn also noted that last October, a special joint session of parliament was convened on the security crisis and a special parliamentary committee on national security was formed to develop a strategy to counter militancy and terrorism, a strategy which has now been presented before parliament.

‘But, absence of a consensus on the threat from militancy, policy recommendations will inevitably be what they are: weak and desultory. Empower parliament with information before expecting it to reach the right conclusions,’ the editorial contended.
Indo Asian News Service

‘Indian hand in attack on Sri Lankan cricketers’

Lahore/New Delhi, April 10 (IANS) Lahore’s police chief sprang a surprise Friday, suggesting an Indian hand in the terror attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in the city last month, a suggestion that New Delhi promptly trashed.

‘With the help of the security agencies, we have made much progress and our investigations are continuing. But one thing I can tell you is that there is strong evidence of an Indian hand,’ Lahore police chief Pervez Rathore told reporters in Pakistan’s cultural capital.

‘It’s a red herring and does not serve any purpose,’ was Indian Minister of State for External Affairs Anand Sharma’s immediate riposte in New Delhi.

‘Nobody has ever accused India of such things. Rather, we are the victims of attacks from Pakistani soil. They should put their own house in order,’ Sharma added.

Rathore’s claim is surprising, since the report Pakistan had submitted to Sri Lanka on the March 3 attack has not mentioned any Indian involvement.

The Pakistani media, too, has got into the act, deprecating the government tendency to suggest an Indian hand in the attack. Six Sri Lankan players and the team’s assistant coach were injured in the attack, while six Pakistani policemen and two civilians were killed.

The ‘flurry of charges’ linking India to the attack ‘make no sense at all’, an editorial in a leading English daily said March 5, while another cautioned that such finger pointing would only widen the India-Pakistan rift.

‘The flurry of charges from the media and members of the government that our neighbour to the east may have had a hand make no sense at all – given that the gunmen have not been apprehended and no other evidence points in this particular direction,’ The News said in an editorial headlined ‘No closer to the truth’.

On its part, Daily Times referred to the ‘planting’ of a police report that apparently warned that India’s spy agency RAW was planning to target the Sri Lankan cricketers and said it was meant to ‘widen the rift between India and Pakistan and bring relief to the terrorist elements under pressure from the Pakistan army in the tribal areas’.

The editorial was headlined ‘Reaching out for denial again’.

Armed terrorists had ambushed the Sri Lankan team bus while it was on its way to Lahore’s Gaddafi Stadium for the third day’s play in the second cricket Test against Pakistan.

The Sri Lankan government immediately canceled the tour and flew the team back home.

Mushrooms cut breast cancer risk

London, Mar 17 (ANI): Eating a daily portion of mushrooms could slash the risk of breast cancer by two thirds, new research has found.

The study, carried out in China, also showed that women who combined a mushroom diet with regular consumption of green tea saw an even greater benefit. The risk among women in this group was reduced by almost 90 per cent.

Scientists found that women consuming at least a third of an ounce of fresh mushrooms every day were 64 per cent less likely to develop a tumour.

Dried mushrooms had a slightly less protective effect, reducing the risk by around half.

To reach the conclusion, experts at the University of Western Australia in Perth reviewed the eating habits of more than 2,000 women in China, half of whom had suffered breast cancer.

“Higher intake of mushrooms decreased cancer risk in both pre- and post-menopausal Chinese women,” The Daily Express quoted researchers, as saying.

Evidence points that mushrooms act in a similar way to breast cancer drugs called aromatase inhibitors which block the body’s production of the cancer-feeding hormone oestrogen.

Dr Julie Sharp, Cancer Research UK’s senior science information manager, said: “Both green tea and mushrooms have previously been reported to lower cancer risk. While this study adds to the evidence, more research is needed to confirm these observations and find out if they are relevant to UK women.

“It is important to remember there is no one particular ‘super’ food that will protect you from cancer. Large scientific studies have proven that the best way to reduce your risk of many cancers is to eat a healthy, balanced diet.”

The study has been published in the International Journal of Cancer. (ANI)