Planck spacecraft obtains first peek of big bang’s ‘afterglow’

London, September 18 (ANI): European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) Planck spacecraft has obtained its first peek at the afterglow of the big bang, revealing it in unprecedented detail.

The ESA spacecraft was launched into space on May 14 this year. It is observing the glow of hot gas from just 380,000 years after the big bang, called the cosmic microwave background (CMB).

According to a report in New Scientist, the detailed properties of this background may contain hints of hidden extra dimensions or multiple universes, as well as providing clues to what caused a brief, early period of incredibly rapid cosmic expansion.

Planck began surveying the microwave background on August 13, a few weeks after reaching its planned perch 1.5 million kilometres from Earth at a point called L2 and cooling its detectors to within 0.1 degrees Celsius above absolute zero.

Now, the Planck team has released the probe’s first image, an observational strip covering about 5 per cent of the sky.

Slight variations in temperature from place to place in the early universe give the image its mottled appearance.

“With a few per cent of the data in, you can see it’s working well and delivering good stuff,” said team member George Efstathiou of the University of Cambridge.

Planck is expected to provide the most detailed all-sky map of the cosmic microwave background yet, improving on the best current map, obtained by NASA’s Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), which launched in 2001.

Planck’s detectors have more than 10 times the sensitivity of WMAP’s, and about 2.5 times the angular resolution.

“Every strip that Planck scans, we’re getting data that is many, many times more sensitive than WMAP,” Efstathiou told New Scientist.

Although Planck was only designed to observe the sky for 15 months, the team believes it could last for more than 30 months, based on new estimates of how long its coolant will last.

The extra time will allow Planck to measure the radiation with even greater precision, since it will scan the entire sky four times – two more than originally planned. (ANI)

Astronomers see high-speed galaxy collision in action

Washington, July 10 (ANI): Astronomers at the Chandra X-ray Observatory have spotted a galaxy collision in action, with one galaxy passing through the core of other galaxies at almost 2 million miles per hour.

The image obtained is of Stephan’s Quintet, a compact group of galaxies discovered about 130 years ago and located about 280 million light years from Earth.

Four of the galaxies in the group are visible in the optical image from the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope.

A labeled version identifies these galaxies (NGC 7317, NGC 7318a, NGC 7318b and NGC 7319) as well as a prominent foreground galaxy (NGC 7320) that is not a member of the group.

The galaxy NGC 7318b is passing through the core of galaxies at almost 2 million miles per hour, and is thought to be causing the ridge of X-ray emission by generating a shock wave that heats the gas.

Additional heating by supernova explosions and stellar winds has also probably taken place in Stephan’s Quintet.

A larger halo of X-ray emission, detected by ESA’s (European Space Agency’s) XMM-Newton could be evidence of shock heating by previous collisions between galaxies in this group.

Some of the X-ray emissions are likely caused by binary systems containing massive stars that are losing material to neutron stars or black holes.

Stephan’s Quintet provides a rare opportunity to observe a galaxy group in the process of evolving from an X-ray faint system dominated by spiral galaxies to a more developed system dominated by elliptical galaxies and bright X-ray emission.

According to scientists, being able to witness the dramatic effect of collisions in causing this evolution is important for increasing the understanding of the origins of the hot, X-ray bright halos of gas in groups of galaxies.

Stephan’s Quintet shows an additional sign of complex interactions in the past, notably the long tails visible in the optical image.

These features were probably caused by one or more passages through the galaxy group by NGC 7317. (ANI)

Omega Nebula’s ‘watercolors’ revealed in new image

Munich, July 8 (ANI): A new image captured by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) has reveled the Omega Nebula, a stellar nursery where infant stars illuminate and sculpt a vast pastel fantasy of dust and gas, in all its glory.

The Omega Nebula, sometimes called the Swan Nebula, is a dazzling stellar nursery located about 5500 light-years away towards the constellation of Sagittarius (the Archer).

An active star-forming region of gas and dust about 15 light-years across, the nebula has recently spawned a cluster of massive, hot stars.

The intense light and strong winds from these hulking infants have carved remarkable filigree structures in the gas and dust.

When seen through a small telescope, the nebula has a shape that reminds some observers of the final letter of the Greek alphabet, omega, while others see a swan with its distinctive long, curved neck.

Swiss astronomer Jean-Philippe Loys de Cheseaux discovered the nebula around 1745. The French comet hunter Charles Messier independently rediscovered it about twenty years later and included it as number 17 in his famous catalogue.

In a small telescope, the Omega Nebula appears as an enigmatic ghostly bar of light set against the star fields of the Milky Way.

In recent years, astronomers have discovered that the Omega Nebula is one of the youngest and most massive star-forming regions in the Milky Way.

Active star-birth started a few million years ago and continues through today.

The newly released image, obtained with the EMMI instrument attached to the ESO 3.58-metre New Technology Telescope (NTT) at La Silla, Chile, shows the central region of the Omega Nebula in exquisite detail.

The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has also imaged small parts of this nebula.

At the left of the image, a huge and strangely box-shaped cloud of dust covers the glowing gas.

The fascinating palette of subtle color shades across the image comes from the presence of different gases (mostly hydrogen, but also oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) that are glowing under the fierce ultraviolet light radiated by the hot young stars. (ANI)

Astronomers unveil largest map of cold cosmic dust

Berlin, July 2 (ANI): Astronomers have unveiled the largest map of cold cosmic dust, which are peppered in the inner regions of the Milky Way galaxy, and are the potential birthplaces of new stars.

Made using observations from the APEX telescope in Chile, this will prove an invaluable map for observations made with the forthcoming ALMA telescope, as well as the recently launched ESA Herschel space telescope.

This new guide for astronomers, known as the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL) shows the Milky Way in submillimeter-wavelength light.

Images of the cosmos at these wavelengths are vital for studying the birthplaces of new stars and the structure of the crowded galactic core.

“ATLASGAL gives us a new look at the Milky Way. Not only will it help us investigate how massive stars form, but it will also give us an overview of the larger-scale structure of our galaxy,” said Frederic Schuller from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, leader of the ATLASGAL team.

The area of the new submillimeter map is approximately 95 square degrees, covering a very long and narrow strip along the galactic plane two degrees wide (four times the width of the full Moon) and over 40 degrees long.

The Universe is relatively unexplored at submillimeter wavelengths, as extremely dry atmospheric conditions and advanced detector technology are required for such observations.

The interstellar medium – the material between the stars – is composed of gas and grains of cosmic dust, rather like fine sand or soot.

However, the gas is mostly hydrogen and relatively difficult to detect, so astronomers often search for these dense regions by looking for the faint heat glow of the cosmic dust grains.

Submillimeter light allows astronomers to see these dust clouds shining, even though they obscure our view of the Universe at visible light wavelengths.

Accordingly, the ATLASGAL map includes the denser central regions of our galaxy, in the direction of the constellation of Sagittarius – home to a supermassive black hole that are otherwise hidden behind a dark shroud of dust clouds.

The newly released map reveals thousands of dense dust clumps, many never seen before, which mark the future birthplaces of massive stars.

The clumps are typically a couple of light-years in size, and have masses of between ten and a few thousand times the mass of our Sun. (ANI)

Space and robotics technology used to improve forest planning and harvesting

Washington, June 30 (ANI): Space and robotics technology have been combined to develop an advanced Precision Forestry Positioning System, which allows more efficient forest planning and harvesting.

Invented by researchers at the Institute of Man-Machine-Interaction at the RWTH Aachen University in Germany, the system has helped catalogue 240 million single trees in the German region of North Rhine-Westphalia. he system combines remote-sensing maps from airplanes with satellite navigation data to map each tree in a forest.

This information is then used to plan which trees are to be cut, and when.

Finally, the plan is used on harvesters to identify which trees to cut. This helps make the harvesting more efficient, optimises overall wood production and reduces costs.

The system won the North Rhine-Westphalia Region’s 2008 European Satellite Navigation Competition, which was supported by ESA’s Technology Transfer Programme Office.

“We already have one harvester in operation with our system onboard. As the prototype works well, we are fairly close to the stage where we can go into production. Another 6 to 12 months, and we should be there,” said Professor Dr Jurgen Rossmann from RWTH Aachen University, who developed the system together with Petra Krahwinkler, Arno Bucken and Dr Michael Schluse.

The objective of the Precision Forestry Positioning System is to automate and optimize all the work involved in foresting, from the early planning of the forest to the final cutting of single trees, in order to be competitive on the worldwide market, and to overcome efficiency problems related to the forest ownership structure of the region.

“Precision farming is important in today’s agriculture, where farmers can save money with the use of satellite navigation systems,” explained Arno Bucken.

“However, the accuracy of the GPS navigation system, which is of 20 to 30 m, is not enough to identify single trees in a forest. Much higher accuracy is needed,” he added.

“We found a solution to this problem, which increases the accuracy to 50 cm, by using GPS as the initial reference position, and then taking remote-sensing data to identify the single trees in the forest,” he explained.

To help the planning, a virtual computer-based forest has been developed with all trees being identified by their location, based on the GPS and remote-sensing data.
In addition, a fourth dimension, ‘time’, has been added, and is of the utmost importance for this system.

“All trees are not only known by their geo-coordinates, but they are also time-stamped, and all measurement data are archived.

This makes it possible to see ‘how trees grow’, as well as look back to learn from the past,” said Rossmann. (ANI)

Herschel telescope obtains images of ‘whirlpool galaxy’ as first test observation

Paris, June 20 (ANI): Herschel, the largest infrared space telescope ever flown, has obtained images of the famous ‘whirlpool galaxy’ for a first test observation.

European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) Herschel opened its ‘eyes’ on June 14 and the Photoconductor Array Camera and Spectrometer obtained images of M51, which is popularly dubbed the ‘whirlpool galaxy’.

Scientists obtained images in three colours, which clearly demonstrate the superiority of Herschel, the largest infrared space telescope ever flown.

This image shows the ‘whirlpool galaxy’, first observed by Charles Messier in 1773, who provided the designation Messier 51 (M51).

This spiral galaxy lies relatively nearby, about 35 million light-years away, in the constellation Canes Venatici. M51 was the first galaxy discovered to harbour a spiral structure.

The image is a composite of three observations taken at 70, 100 and 160 microns, taken by Herschel’s Photoconductor Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on June 14 and 15, immediately after the satellite’s cryocover was opened on June 14.

Herschel, launched only a month ago, is still being commissioned and the first images from its instruments were planned to arrive only in a few weeks.

But, engineers and scientists were challenged to try to plan and execute daring test observations as part of a ‘sneak preview’ immediately after the cryocover was opened.

The objective was to produce a very early image that gives a glimpse of things to come.

To the left is the best image of M51, taken by NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope, with the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS), juxtaposed with the Herschel observation on 14 and 15 June at 160 microns.

The obvious advantage of the larger size of the telescope is clearly reflected in the much higher resolution of the image. Herschel reveals structures that cannot be discerned in the Spitzer image.

These images clearly demonstrate that the shorter the wavelength, the sharper the image, which is a very important message about the quality of Herschel’s optics, since PACS observes at Hersche”s shortest wavelengths.

Produced from the very first test observation, these images lead scientists to conclude that the optical performance of Herschel and its large telescope is so far meeting their high expectations. (ANI)

Astronomers probe close to supermassive black hole’s edge

Paris, May 28 (ANI): Astronomers have used new data from ESA’s (European Space Agency’s) XMM-Newton spaceborne observatory, to probe closer than ever to a supermassive black hole lying deep at the core of a distant active galaxy.

The galaxy – known as 1H0707-495 – was observed during four 48-hr-long orbits of XMM-Newton around Earth, starting in January 2008.

The black hole at its center was thought to be partially obscured from view by intervening clouds of gas and dust, but these current observations have revealed the innermost depths of the galaxy.

“We can now start to map out the region immediately around the black hole,” said Andrew Fabian, at the University of Cambridge, who headed the observations and analysis.

X-rays are produced as matter swirls into a supermassive black hole.

The X-rays illuminate and are reflected from the matter before its eventual accretion. Iron atoms in the flow imprint characteristic iron lines on the reflected light.

XMM-Newton detected two bright features of iron emission in the reflected X-rays that had never been seen together in an active galaxy.

These bright features are known as the iron L and K lines, and they can be so bright only if there is a high abundance of iron.

Seeing both in this galaxy suggests that the core is much richer in iron than the rest of the galaxy.

The direct X-ray emission varies in brightness with time. During the observation, the iron L line was bright enough for its variations to be followed.

A painstaking statistical analysis of the data revealed a time lag of 30 seconds between changes in the X-ray light observed directly, and those seen in its reflection from the disc.

This delay in the echo enabled the size of the reflecting region to be measured, which leads to an estimate of the mass of the black hole at about 3 to 5 million solar masses.

The observations of the iron lines also reveal that the black hole is spinning very rapidly and eating matter so quickly that it verges on the theoretical limit of its eating ability, swallowing the equivalent of two Earths per hour.

This new technique will enable the astronomers to map out the process in all its glorious complexity, taking them to previously unseen regions at the very edges of this and other supermassive black holes. (ANI)

Hubble Servicing Mission 4 comes to an end with successful landing

Washington, May 25 (ANI): The historic and successful Hubble Servicingission 4 – the fifth and final visit of the Space Shuttle to the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope – came to an end with a perfect landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California on Sunday.

During a series of unprecedented spacewalks, Space shuttle Atlantis’ astronauts replaced and repaired a total of four instruments.

The Wide Field Camera 3 and Cosmic Origins Spectrograph were installed and the Advanced Camera for Surveys and Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph were successfully repaired.

Servicing Mission 4 was an intense, 13-day undertaking that revitalized Hubble, making the telescope more capable than ever.

All mission objectives were accomplished during five spacewalks that totalled 36 hours, 56 minutes.

“This is not the end of the story but the beginning of another chapter of discovery by Hubble,” said Ed Weiler, associate administrator for Science at NASA Headquarters.

“Hubble will be more powerful than ever, continue to surprise, enlighten, and inspire us all and pave the way for the next generation of observatories,” Weiler added. (ANI)

Hubble Servicing Mission 4 comes to an end with successful landing

Washington, May 25 (ANI): The historic and successful Hubble Servicing Mission 4 – the fifth and final visit of the Space Shuttle to the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope – came to an end with a perfect landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California on Sunday.

During a series of unprecedented spacewalks, Space shuttle Atlantis’ astronauts replaced and repaired a total of four instruments.

The Wide Field Camera 3 and Cosmic Origins Spectrograph were installed and the Advanced Camera for Surveys and Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph were successfully repaired.

Servicing Mission 4 was an intense, 13-day undertaking that revitalized Hubble, making the telescope more capable than ever.

All mission objectives were accomplished during five spacewalks that totalled 36 hours, 56 minutes.

“This is not the end of the story but the beginning of another chapter of discovery by Hubble,” said Ed Weiler, associate administrator for Science at NASA Headquarters.

“Hubble will be more powerful than ever, continue to surprise, enlighten, and inspire us all and pave the way for the next generation of observatories,” Weiler added. (ANI)

Mars samples from NASA missions may be contaminated

London, May 14 (ANI): A new report by the US National Research Council has said that if NASA aims to bring Mars samples back to Earth, it should prepare for the possibility that the samples could include organisms that might endanger humans and other terrestrial life.

According to a report in New Scientist, the report argues that to prevent potential contamination by any Martian life, NASA should begin building a secure facility on Earth to house the samples.

Within the next two decades, NASA hopes to launch a mission to Mars that could return the first pristine samples of Martian atmosphere, rocks and soil.

These samples could be used to perform tests that may be impossible with lightweight robotic explorers, such as definitively measuring rock ages and, potentially, finding the first evidence of Martian life.

But, the hazards such life might pose to terrestrial life are unknown.

If self-replicating organisms are brought back to Earth, there could be a slim but non-zero chance that they could infect Earth organisms or compete with them in a way that could affect Earth’s ecosystems.

The new report updates a long-standing recommendation that Mars samples be kept in isolation in a special facility while they are examined for life.

“I think the bottom line here is containment, containment, containment,” said Jack Farmer of Arizona State University in Tempe, who chaired the committee of 10 experts behind the report, which was commissioned by NASA.

“Such a facility would need to have stringent controls to contain agents that might be fatal to humans. It could take 7 to 10 years to build, so its design and construction should be considered at the earliest stages of Mars sample return mission planning,” the committee writes.

This report helps update the agency on the issue of contaminating Earth with extraterrestrial samples, or “back-contamination”, according to Cassie Conley, NASA’s planetary protection officer.

Conley said that it would be incorporated in future discussions at both NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA), which is also considering a sample return mission. (ANI)

Planck satellite all set to measure the Big Bang

Berlin, May 13 (ANI): Together with ESA’s (European Space Agency’s) Space Telescope Herschel, Planck is all set to go into orbit on May 14, to begin its studies of the cosmic microwave radiation and of the clues it gives about the Big Bang, the earliest phases of the cosmic history, and the structure and composition of the Universe. ccording to the standard model of cosmology, our Universe began 13.7 billions years ago in a Big Bang, the origin of Space and Time.

The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is the relic heat from this Big Bang, released 380,000 years after beginning and still traveling freely through space today.

At that early time, weak fluctuations of matter density were present, which are seen as variations of temperature in the CMB.

By observing these fluctuations, cosmologists can infer how the large-scale structure of today’s Universe – galaxies, galaxy clusters and filaments – were formed.

The Planck satellite will be placed at the second Lagrangian point of the Sun-Earth-Moon system (L2), located about 1.5 million kilometers away from the Earth – four times the distance to the Moon.

It will spin around its own axis, which will always point towards the Sun, with each rotation recording another strip of the sky and mapping its temperature to an accuracy of about one million of a degree.

The data are sent to Earth and turned into temperature maps of the sky in data processing centers in France and Italy.

What the maps look like depends on certain characteristics of the Universe, for example on the curvature of space.

For hypothetic Universes with specified properties, computer simulations using the MPA software generate virtual maps, which will be compared with maps of the real sky.

“From the comparison, we can draw conclusions about the structure of our own Universe, for example how much ordinary matter and dark energy exist in it,” explained Torsten Ensslin, head of the Planck group at MPA (The Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics).

From their computer simulations, MPA cosmologists have shown how the CMB has influenced the gravitational field of dark matter.

The unseen structures of dark matter can therefore be deduced from temperature variations in the CMB.

The mission is expected to detect thousands of distant objects in a frequency range barely studied so far, and so to offer new insights into the physics of galaxies, Active Galactic Nuclei and quasars in the submillimeter domain.

These will show Planck scientists energetic processes in the immediate vicinity of massive black holes.

Planck may also help us to understand the birth of the first stars in the Universe and the structure of our own galaxy, the Milky Way. (ANI)

World’s largest space telescope aims to explore depths of the Universe

Berlin, May 12 (ANI): Herschel, the largest space telescope ever built, would explore the depths of the Universe, once it launches into orbit aboard the latest ESA (European Space Agency) mission on May 14th.

In 1.5 million kilometers distance from Earth, the space probe will orbit the Sun for 3 and a half years.

With its three instruments, it will especially detect and analyze infrared radiation, which contains information on a wide range of phenomena in the Universe, like the evolution of distant galaxies and the existence of water in our solar system.

The Universe reveals many of its secrets in the infrared.

Just like every object on Earth, the icy nebulae, galaxies and stars from the depths of the Universe emit infrared heat radiation.

The Earth’s atmosphere is impervious to these wavelengths.

The instruments aboard the Herschel space probe investigate space in the wavelength range between 55 and 672 micrometers.

No other infrared observatory so far has offered such a bandwidth in combination with the spatial resolution of a 3.5-meter telescope.

For the first time, the scientists are able to resolve the cosmic infrared background into its individual sources and thus to determine the development of the Universe.

The evolution of stars and galaxies, the formation of planetary systems, the history of our own solar system and the chemical composition of molecular clouds, stars and galaxies are the most important topics on which Herschel will provide information.

“With the start of this space telescope a dream comes true for which we have worked hard for more than ten years”, said Eckhard Sturm from Max Planck Institute (MPE).

“With Herschel, we will resolve the cosmic infrared background into individual galaxies and so be able to study the most active stage of star formation in the history of the Universe,” said Dieter Lutz, Sturm’s colleague.

Herschel also opens up new opportunities for our understanding of the trans-Neptunian region – remains of the disc from which our planets formed. (ANI)

ESA to launch two large observatories to look deep into space and time

Paris, May 8 (ANI): The European Space Agency (ESA) is going to launch two of the most sophisticated astronomical spacecraft ever built – Herschel and Planck – to look deep into space and time.

The two large observatories will be launched by ESA this month towards deep space orbits around a special observation point beyond the Moon’s orbit.

From there, both spacecraft will begin a revolutionary observation campaign that will further our understanding of the history of the Universe.

Herschel is a large far-infrared space telescope designed to study some of the coldest objects in space, in a part of the electromagnetic spectrum still mostly unexplored.

With its huge light-collection capability and set of sophisticated detectors cooled to the vicinity of absolute zero by over 2000 liters of superfluid helium, Herschel will look at the faintest and farthest infrared sources and peer into the as-yet uncharted far infrared and submillimetric parts of the spectrum.

Herschel will be able to see through the opacity of cosmic dust and gas and observe structures and events far away that date back to the early Universe – such as the birth and evolution of early stars and galaxies – ten thousand million years ago, in an effort to determine exactly how it all started.

Closer by, within our galaxy, Herschel will also observe extremely cold objects, such as the clouds of dust and interstellar gases from which stars and planets are formed, and even the atmosphere around comets, planets and their moons in our own solar system.

Planck is a telescope that will map the fossil light of the Universe – light from the Big Bang – with unprecedented sensitivity and accuracy.

Featuring a 1.5 m telescope and instruments sensitive to microwave radiation, Planck will measure temperature variations in the very early Universe.

It will monitor the so- called Cosmic Microwave Background, the relic of the very first light ever emitted in space about 380 thousand years after the Big Bang, when the density and temperature of the young Universe had decreased enough to finally allow light to separate from matter and travel freely in space.

The two missions are among the most ambitious ever carried out by Europe and mark the crossing of new frontiers in the field of space-based astronomy.

The pair will be lofted in tandem by an Ariane 5 ECA launcher. Lift-off is now scheduled for May 14, from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana. (ANI)

NASA selects future projects to study Mars and Mercury

Washington, May 5 (ANI): NASA has selected two science investigations that will aid in the interior examination of Mars and probe the tenuous atmosphere of Mercury.

The projects, valued at approximately 38 million dollars, also establish new alliances with the European Space Agency, or ESA.

“The selections will further advance our knowledge of these exciting terrestrial planets,” said Jim Green, director of NASA’s Planetary Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington.

“The international collaboration will create a new chapter in planetary science and provide a strong partnership with the international science community to complement future robotic and human exploration activities,” he added.

The Lander Radio-Science on ExoMars, or LaRa, will use NASA’s Deep Space Network of radio telescopes to track part of ESA’s ExoMars mission.

Scheduled to launch in 2016, the mission consists of a fixed lander and a rover that will roam Mars collecting soil samples for detailed analysis.

Data relayed from the lander back to the network will allow scientists to measure and analyze variations in the length of the day and location of the planet’s rotational axis.

This data will help researchers further dissect the structure of the Red Planet’s interior, including the size of its core.

When combined with the lander’s onboard instruments, the data also may help confirm whether the planet’s interior is still, at least partially, composed of liquid.

The second selection, named Strofio, will employ a unique mass spectrometer.

The instrument will determine the mass of atoms and molecules to reveal the composition of Mercury’s atmosphere.

The investigation will study the atmosphere, which is formed from material ejected from its surface, to reveal the composition of Mercury’s surface.

Strofio will investigate Mercury as a key component of the Italian Space Agency’s suite of science instruments that will fly aboard ESA’s BepiColombo mission.

Scheduled for launch in 2013, the mission is composed of two spacecraft.

Japan will build one spacecraft to study the planet’s magnetic field. ESA will build the other to study Mercury directly. (ANI)

US Navy opts to continue carrier launch system

WASHINGTON, April 15 (Reuters) – After a review triggered by cost overruns and technology concerns, the U.S. Navy on Wednesday said it has decided to proceed with a new aircraft-launching system for its new aircraft carrier.

Privately held General Atomics, based in San Diego, has been working on the new electromagnetic aircraft launching system (EMALS) that is aimed at allowing the Navy’s new Gerald R. Ford carrier to launch more jets from the flight deck.

The Navy decided to proceed with the new system despite concerns over its development because it “promises to lower overall lifecycle costs, require less maintenance than steam catapults and generate less physical stress on carrier-based aircraft,” said spokesman Lieutenant Commander Victor Chen.

Chen said the decision was based on a major review of the program that weighed possible risks to cost, schedule and technical performance.

Despite remaining risks, the Navy said it decided that continuing the EMALS program was the best option for keeping work on the new carrier, CVN 78, on schedule.

To keep the program on schedule and limit cost growth, the Navy was starting detailed, fixed-price contract negotiations with General Atomics.

The nonpartisan Government Accountability Office concluded in a recent report that the new launching system would not demonstrate full performance of a shipboard-ready system until at least seven months after it was due to begin installing it on the carrier, which is being built by Northrop Grumman Corp (NOC.N).

The report called the program one of the highest risk factors in keeping the construction of the new carrier on cost and schedule. Northrop is due to deliver the carrier in 2015. (Reporting by Andrea Shalal-Esa; Editing by Gary Hill)

UPDATE 1-Gates sees movement soon on arms buyer nomination

(Adds quote, details)

By Andrea Shalal-Esa

FORT RUCKER, Alabama, April 14 (Reuters) – Defense
Secretary Robert Gates expects U.S. Senate movement soon on the
nomination of Ashton Carter as the Pentagon’s chief arms
buyer.

“I have every hope and expectation that Dr. Carter’s
nomination will be moved in the near future,” Gates told
reporters at Fort Rucker, home of the Army’s main site for
training pilots and unmanned aerial system operators.

The Senate Armed Services Committee earlier this month
approved Carter’s nomination. But several senators have put a
hold on it, citing concerns about the delayed $35 billion
competition between Northrop Grumman Corp (NOC.N) and Boeing Co
(BA.N) to build 179 new aerial refueling tankers.

Gates said he hoped to move forward on the tanker
competition soon and would let lawmakers review the proposed
competition criteria and get their input before releasing
them.

He said he hoped a new tanker contract could be awarded by
early next year or next summer.

“They’re desperately needed by the Air Force,” he said.

Carter, a Harvard University professor and former assistant
secretary of defense for international security policy, was
nominated for the job of overseeing more than $100 billion in
annual U.S. arms purchases and a $70 billion research
enterprise. If confirmed by the Senate, Carter would replace
John Young as undersecretary of defense for acquisition,
technology and logistics.
(Editing by Andre Grenon)

RPT-UPDATE 3-Gates sees movement soon on arms buyer nomination

By Andrea Shalal-Esa

FORT RUCKER, Alabama, April 14 (Reuters) – Defense
Secretary Robert Gates said he expects U.S. Senate movement
soon on the nomination of Ashton Carter as the Pentagon’s chief
arms buyer.

“I have every hope and expectation that Dr. Carter’s
nomination will be moved in the near future,” Gates told
reporters at Fort Rucker, home of the Army’s main site for
training pilots and unmanned aerial system operators.

The Senate Armed Services Committee earlier this month
approved Carter’s nomination. But several senators have put a
hold on it, citing concerns about the delayed $35 billion
competition between Northrop Grumman Corp (NOC.N) and Boeing Co
(BA.N) to build 179 new aerial refueling tankers.

Gates said he hoped to move forward on the tanker
competition soon, and would let lawmakers review the proposed
competition criteria and get their input before releasing the
terms of a revamped competition.

Gates questioned congressional moves to block Carter’s
nomination, especially since many lawmakers were pressing the
Pentagon to undertake acquisition reforms — a job that Carter
would largely oversee.

“At a time when most of the Congress believes there is a
need for acquisition reform in the Department of Defense, to
delay the confirmation of the person who is most needed in that
effort clearly is counter-productive,” Gates told reporters.

This will be the Air Force’s third attempt to replace its
aging fleet of KC-135 refueling planes, which are more than 50
years old on average.

Congress in 2004 killed the first bid after an Air Force
plan to lease and buy 100 Boeing 767s failed amid a major
procurement scandal.

The Air Force then held a new competition and awarded a $35
billion contract to Northrop and its European subcontractor,
Airbus parent EADS (EAD.PA), in February.

But Gates canceled the deal last fall after congressional
auditors found problems in the Air Force’s handling of the
competition, and the process became very politicized.

On Tuesday, Gates said he hoped that a new tanker contract
could be awarded by early next year or next summer. “They’re
desperately needed by the Air Force,” he said.

Gates, the only member of former President George W. Bush’s
cabinet who stayed on under President Barack Obama, reiterated
his opposition to buying more tankers each year and splitting
the procurement between the two companies.

He said that would increase logistics, training and
maintenance costs over the long run. Development costs alone
would likely double from $7 billion to $14 billion, he said.

Carter, a Harvard University professor and former assistant
secretary of defense for international security policy, was
nominated for the job of overseeing more than $100 billion in
annual U.S. arms purchases and a $70 billion research
enterprise. If confirmed by the Senate, Carter would replace
John Young as undersecretary of defense for acquisition,
technology and logistics.

Senators Jeff Sessions and Richard Shelby, both Republicans
of Alabama, where Northrop had planned to build its A330-based
tankers, have put a hold on the Carter’s nomination.

The senators say they have unanswered questions about how
open and transparent the next competition will be.
(Reporting by Andrea Shalal-Esa; Editing by Gary Hill)

Ice bridge in Antarctica snaps, may cause Wilkins shelf to break away

London, April 6 (ANI): Latest reports indicate that an ice bridge linking a shelf of ice the size of Jamaica to two islands in Antarctica has snapped, which could mean the Wilkins Ice Shelf is on the brink of breaking away.

According to a report by BBC News, scientists say the collapse provides further evidence of rapid change caused by warming in the region.

Sited on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula, the Wilkins shelf has been retreating since the 1990s.

Researchers regarded the ice bridge as an important barrier, holding the remnant shelf structure in place.

Its removal will allow ice to move more freely between Charcot and Latady islands, into the open ocean.
The ice bridge has splintered at its thinnest point

European Space Agency (ESA) satellite pictures had indicated last week that cracks were starting to appear in the bridge.

Newly created icebergs were seen to be floating in the sea on the western side of the peninsula, which juts up from the continent towards South America’s southern tip.

The breaking of the bridge had been expected for some weeks; and much of the ice shelf behind is likely to follow, according to Professor David Vaughan, a glaciologist with the British Antarctic Survey, who planted a GPS tracker on the ice bridge in January to monitor its movement.

“We know that the Wilkins Ice Shelf has been completely or very stable since the 1930s and then it started to retreat in the late 1990s; but we suspect that it’s been stable for a very much longer period than that,” he told BBC News.

“The fact that it’s retreating and now has lost connection with one of its islands is really a strong indication that the warming on the Antarctic is having an effect on yet another ice shelf,” he added.
While the break-up will have no direct impact on sea level because the ice is floating, it heightens concerns over the impact of climate change on this part of Antarctica.

Over the past 50 years, the peninsula has been one of the fastest warming places on the planet. Many of its ice shelves have retreated in that time and six of them have collapsed completely. (ANI)

“Noise” from space may help reveal mass of near-Earth asteroids

Washington, April 4 (ANI): Planetary scientists are all set to turn “noise” from the data obtained by NASA/ESA LISA satellites’ mission into useful information about the mass of near-Earth asteroids.

LISA is on a mission to detect gravitational waves – a warping of the space/time continuum that scientists hope to see directly for the first time.

Slated for launch no earlier than 2018, LISA will include three satellites connected by laser beams. The distance between the satellites should change as a gravitational wave passes.

Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity predicts that gravitational waves from exploding stars or colliding black holes ripple across the universe, causing other bodies to wobble like driftwood in a motorboat’s wake.

In 2006, planetary scientists realized that Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) also would make the spacecraft wobble as they passed nearby, creating a distinct signature in the data being collected.

Pasquale Tricarico, a scientist at the Tucson-based Planetary Science Institute, expanded on that work to predict the number of asteroid encounters LISA can expect and how those encounters can be used to determine the mass of passing asteroids.

According to Tricarico, LISA can expect to see one or two known near-Earth asteroids a year, and a total of around ten during the expected mission lifetime.

When an encounter with a known asteroid shows up in the data, scientists will already know its trajectory.

“So from the signal, we can indirectly measure the asteroid’s mass because that’s the only uncertainty in the equation,” Tricarico said.

“These mass measurements are important because we only know the mass of asteroids that have been visited by spacecraft or the mass of a few binary asteroids observed from Earth,” he added.

“We always wonder about the porosity, the density, and this will give us measurements from additional asteroids,” he explained.

If a known asteroid passes one of the satellites and doesn’t leave a signature, “that allows us to put an upper limit on the mass of that asteroid,” Tricarico added.

Tricarico also has predicted the number of potential encounters with smaller, unknown NEAs.

If LISA starts detecting five asteroids a year instead of two or three, this could modify theories concerning the distribution of sizes in the NEA population. (ANI)

Astronomers dissect a giant stellar explosion

Paris, April 4 (ANI): A meticulous analysis of data has allowed astronomers to investigate the initial phases of a giant stellar explosion, which led to the ejection of matter at velocities close to the speed of light.

On 19 December 2004, the blast from an exploding star arrived at Earth.

ESA’s (European Space Agency’s) Integral satellite, an orbiting gamma-ray observatory, recorded the entire event, providing information for what may prove to be one of the most important gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) seen in recent years.

As the data was collected, astronomers saw the 500-second-long burst rise to extraordinary brilliance.

“It is in the top 1 percent of the brightest GRBs we have seen,” said Diego Gotz, CEA Saclay, France, who headed the investigation.

The brightness of the event, known as GRB 041219A, has allowed the team to perform a painstaking investigation to extract a property known as the polarization of the gamma rays.

The team has shown that the gamma rays were highly polarized and varied tremendously in level and orientation.

Polarization refers to the preferred direction in which the radiation wave oscillates.

Polaroid sunglasses work with visible light by letting through only a single direction of polarization, blocking most of the light from entering our eyes.

The blast from a GRB is thought to be produced by a jet of fast-moving gas bursting from near the central engine; probably a black hole created by the collapse of the massive star.

The polarization is directly related to the structure of the magnetic field in the jet. So, it is one of the best ways for astronomers to investigate how the central engine produces the jet.

There are a number of ways this might happen.

In the first scenario, the jet carries a portion of the central engine’s magnetic field into space. A second involves the jet generating the magnetic field far from the central engine.

A third concerns the extreme case in which the jet contains no gas just magnetic energy, and a fourth scenario entails the jet moving through an existing field of radiation.

According to Gotz, the Integral results favour a synchrotron model and, of those three, the most likely scenario is the first, in which the jet lifts the central engine’s magnetic field into space.

“It is the only simple way to do it,” he said.

What Gotz would most like to do is measure the polarisation for every GRB, to see whether the same mechanism applies to all. (ANI)