Sealdah-New Delhi Duronto Express flagged off

Kolkata, Sep 19 (ANI): Railway Minister Mamata Banerjee flagged off Sealdah-New Delhi Duronto express, the country’s first point-to-point non-stop train in Kolkata.

The Duronto express will cover the 1447-km distance between Sealdah and New Delhi in 16 hours and 20 minutes.

“After 30 years there is a train called Duronto. It will go faster than Rajdhani and it is an achievement, it will go non-stop and will stop only at the operation stop where they will take drinking water or whatever, only operational stoppage, otherwise no,” said Banerjee.

The train will have no commercial stop, but has three operational stops at Dhanbad, Moghalsarai and Kanpur Central.

The 16-coach train comprises one AC-1, three AC-II, four AC-III and five AC-III (economy) coaches.

Banerjee also said the 14 Duronto Expresses announced in the Railway budget would be operational shortly.

These trains will be launched in Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai and Bangalore as a pilot project.

Passengers boarding the train on the first day were extremely excited.

“Well, first thing is that first day it has got added attraction plus it is the fastest super fast train. So I got the opportunity I thought I will avail it,” said TK Singh, a passenger. (ANI)

Himachal Pradesh Govt. moves to produce IT friendly business landscape

New Delhi, Sep.18 (ANI): Recognizing the enormous potential of Information Technology in acting as a catalyst for the Tier – II growth of Suburban India, The Government of Himachal Pradesh (GoHP) is moving to produce an IT friendly business landscape.

To close the technological gap and nab the marquee, various initiatives are being put in place by the GoHP. Tax Breaks, Exemption from various duties and levies and imports are certain defined benefits for the industry to set base at Himachal Pradesh.

The IT Park cum Township falls will come up in Solan District of Solan, about 20 kilometres from Shimla.

The total area of the project is 64.73 acres. The site is located at a distance of four kilometers from Kiarighat. Kiarighat is on Chandigarh – Shimla highway (NH-22) on midway between Solan and Shimla at an approximately equal distance of 23 kilometres.

Conceptualized as an Integrated Development – offering both residential and commercial options, the project’s developmental contours will include built-up IT space of 1.1 million square feet. Built to suit plots for IT in 9.5 acres of land, a township for of 1.31 million square feet, a project cost of 408 crore rupees.

Commercially structured on the Public Private Partnership format. The developer shall be responsible for designing,financing, constructing, operating, maintaining and development of the IT Park cum Township at Waknaghat.

The implementing agency will be the Department of Information Technology, Government of Himachal Pradesh.

To promote the project and the township, an investor Meet will be held in Delhi on September 23. A visit to the site will be organised on September 30, while a pre-bid meeting will be held on October 3, 2009.

The last date for submission of proposal is October 26. (ANI)

Airborne laser to shoot ballistic missile as part of flight test

London, September 12 (ANI): Soon, the Airborne Laser (ABL), built into a customized Boeing 747, is ready for flight tests, in which it will try to shoot a ballistic missile.

According to a report in New Scientist, the US Department of Defense’s Missile Defense Agency (MDA) has developed the ABL.

The ABL aims to focus a beam of laser energy in the megawatt range for several seconds onto a missile at a “militarily significant distance” – more than 100 kilometres.

So far, the laser has only operated at near full power on the ground. On August 18, it was fired successfully from the air, but at reduced power.

That, however, was no mean feat, as aircraft vibrations play havoc with the precisely aligned optical components needed to generate a laser beam.

Firing at full power poses other challenges as well.

At powers high enough to destroy missiles, any surface contamination or tiny flaw in the laser optics can absorb so much heat that they crack or shatter.

High-power laser beams also heat the air they pass through, creating perturbations that can disperse or divert the beam.

To counteract those effects, the ABL uses an adaptive system that senses atmospheric changes along its path and makes optical adjustments to compensate.

To test that system, the MDA plans a series of increasingly powerful shots at modified ballistic missiles loaded with sensors to measure the distribution of laser power on the target.

Engineers will assess each shot’s performance and use the results to fine-tune the adaptive optics.

Once this is done, the MDA will test the laser again in varying conditions, and attempt to destroy actual missiles.

The first of these tests is planned to take place late this year, with two more to follow in early 2010, according to an MDA spokeswoman. (ANI)

West Bengal gets its first coastal police station

Kolkata, Sep. 11 (ANI): With the inauguration of Moipith police station in South 24 Pargana district on Friday, West Bengal got its first coastal police station to patrol in the Sunderban delta area.

“There are a large number of tributaries and water channels leading into the Bay of Bengal, which are unpoliced and there is no supervision on the movements of various water crafts in those channels. With a view to meet a possible security threat from the sea these coastal police stations are being set up,” said Bhupinder Singh, DGP.

The region has fallen to arms smugglers operating through riverine bodies. Now, the local residents are hoping that opening of new police station would keep the criminals at bay.

“Earlier, the nearest police station was 25 to 27 kilometers away. It was difficult to go to the police station because of the distance and bad roads. Any communication or registering of a complaint with police was difficult. With the police station opening here, things would be easier now,” said Madan Mohan Maity, a resident.

Illegal immigration of Bangladeshi nationals and sneaking of goods can also be monitored now.

“Lot of goods come in here illegally from Bangladesh, including firearms. Lot of firearms smuggled in from Bangladesh can be found at Moipith. These firearms are used by pirates on the rivers. The police station will be of great use to us,” said Subol Mondol, a resident.

More such stations will come up in sensitive zones to detect and avert any terrorist sneaking into the country from Bangladesh through coastal borders.

After the 26/11 Mumbai terror attack, the Cenre has decided to gear up the coastal security.

According to Bhupinder Singh, joint exercises with police, navy and coast guards are now being conducted routinely for manning the sea and riverine borders with Bangladesh. (ANI)

Soon, robot controlled by human brain cells

London, Sept 10 (ANI): Scientists from University of Reading are working on developing a robot that would be controlled by human brain cells.

Lead researchers Kevin Warwick and Ben Whalley have already used rat brain cells to control a simple wheeled robot.

During the study, the researchers grew around 300,000 rat neurons in a nutrient broth and device producing spikes of electrical activity were connected to the output of the robot’s distance sensors.

The neurons could successfully steer the robot around a small enclosure.

Based on the findings rat models, the researchers are now working on steering the robot with the help of human brain cells.

The researchers believe that understanding how the neuron culture responds to stimulation could lead to deeper insights of neurological conditions such as epilepsy.

For instance, the way large numbers of neurons sometimes spike in unison – a phenomenon known as “bursting” – may be similar to what happens during an epileptic seizure.

The research team suggests if the behavior could be altered by changing the culture chemically, electrically or physically, it might pave way for potential therapies.

To make the system a better model of human disease, a culture of human neurons will be connected to the robot once the current work with rat cells is completed.

They will analyze the differences in the behavior of robots controlled by rat and human neurons.

“We’ll be trying to find out if the learning aspects and memory appear to be similar,” New Scientist quoted Warwick as saying. (ANI)

High quality video, telephone conferencing may be round the corner

Washington, September 6 (ANI): German researchers are sure that compression technologies can put an end to the poor images and sound quality that are often encountered by people during video and telephone conferencing sessions.

At this year’s IFA international consumer electronics exhibition in Berlin, researchers from four Fraunhofer Institutes will demonstrate the power and flexibility of these new technologies by holding games sessions in which players compete against each other via the Internet.

To ensure high and consistent quality of sound, the researchers have developed the Audio Communication Engine, which consists of reciprocally-tuned components that vastly improve the sound quality and clarity of video and telephone conferences compared with present systems.

The key component in providing excellent sound is the MPEG Enhanced Low Delay AAC audio codec, which ensures low-delay hi-fi quality even at low bit-rates.

An echo control eliminates troublesome echo so that users do not have to wear a headset, and can move around the room freely.

Sophisticated signal processing, which extends from enhancement of the microphone signals through to multi-channel loudspeaker reproduction, removes the barrier of distance between friends without incurring great installation expense.

The researchers say that they have already started working on actual implementation by designing the technology for integration in TV sets, set-top boxes and hi-fi systems.

They claim that visitors to the IFA international consumer electronics exhibition will be able to experience the system’s superb picture and sound quality, and even play games such as Memory, Battleships and Sorry. (ANI)

Green Run heralds awareness on afforestation in Assam

Guwahati (Assam), Aug 30(ANI): A half-marathon christened ‘Green Run’ was held at Guwahati on Sunday to spread mass awareness on the benefits of tree plantation.

Organised by a premiere engineering institute, the event saw participation of around 400 people of all ages.

The participants and the organisers expressed the view that events like this would result in more and more people planting trees.

“It is a big message (‘Green Run’). Grown-ups as well as kids are warming up for the run. I hope everyone participating will plant at least a tree to make Assam green,” said Taibun Nisa, a former international athlete from Assam.

The half-marathon was classified into two categories, one for athletes and other for non-athletes.

For athletes, the participants were to run 21 kilometres, while in the non-athletic category, the distance was seven kilometres.

Deforestation accounts for up to 60 percent green house gases emission in developing countries like India. (ANI)

Fashion may have emerged 80,000 years ago in form of shell beads

London, August 28 (ANI): A new study by an international team of researchers from France, South Africa, Germany, Israel and the UK has confirmed that 80,000-year-old shell beads found in caves in North Africa represent some of the earliest evidence of the use of personal ornamentation, which also points to the dawn of modern human behaviour.

According to a report carried out by the Planet Earth Online, the beads provide evidence that the people alive at the time were acting much like modern humans.

“There is a problem with linking anatomically modern humans with behaviourally modern humans,” said Professor Nick Barton of the University of Oxford UK, and one of the authors of the study. “These people may have looked like us, but were they behaving the same?” he added.

The presence of the beads suggests the people who made and wore them behaved in ways we would recognize.

Using symbolic items like shell beads to communicate ideas about the wearer requires skills found only in modern humans, including a well-developed language and the ability to use abstract concepts.

The researchers analyzed 25 beads from four sites in North Africa from the Middle Palaeolithic period.

The beads, consisting of the shells of sea snails called Nassarius, had been transported some distance from the marine environment in which they’re usually found, and showed evidence of deliberate alterations.

“We found evidence they had been strung together as in a necklace or bracelet,” said Barton.

The shells had been deliberately perforated using stone tools and the researchers found distinctive wear patterns which suggested they had been rubbing together.

Wear marks around the perforations indicated the shells had been threaded on a string.

Several had also been covered with a pigment called red ochre and one shell showed evidence of heating, possibly to alter its colour.

As to what purpose the coloured beads served, Barton said, “What they were signalling, we’re not entirely sure. Possibly, they were an insurance policy, if you had shared access to certain resources and wanted to identify yourself to members of another group.”

The beads may also have let wearers identify members of the same social group, preventing unnecessary conflicts.

Alternatively, the beads might have provided personal information about the wearer, such as the wearer’s position in the social hierarchy, or that they had passed through puberty and into adulthood.

These beads might have also represented the origins of today’s fashions. (ANI)

Now, an intelligent system to help the elderly avoid forgetting everyday tasks

Washington, August 28 (ANI): Scientists at the University of Granada (UGR) have announced the creation of a system that uses Artificial Intelligence techniques to help elderly people, or those with special needs, avoid forgetting certain everyday tasks.

The researchers have revealed that their system uses sensors distributed in the environment to detect people’s actions, and mobile devices to remind them.

Suppose, say the researchers, an elderly lady who is about to go to bed goes into her room, sits down on the bed, takes off her slippers, and turns off the light.

According to them, before she gets into bed, a small alarm will go off, and a mobile device will remind her that she has forgotten to take her tablets.

“It is a prototype which, in a non-intrusive manner, facilitates the control of the activity of people with special needs and increases their independence,” said Maria Ros Izquierdo, from the Higher Technical School of Computer Engineering of the UGR.

The system recognizes the everyday actions of the users by means of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) labels. These labels are discreetly placed on the objects that the individuals touch most often, in such a way that, when they do so, a signal is sent to a computer or mobile device situated in the house itself or at an assistance centre some distance away.

To compile a list of actions-such as remembering to take the keys or the mobile phone before leaving home-the activities of the people are assessed with Artificial Intelligence techniques.

“It is not necessary to use cameras or microphones, and the devices which are used do not entail any technological complications for users, nor do they modify their daily routines,” said Ros.

To evaluate the novel system, the university team have also designed an intelligent space called ‘Tagged World’, which simulates the rooms of a house, with sensors embedded in the environment helping to recognize the behaviour of its occupants.

The researchers monitored each user so as to obtain an individualized database. They later verified with a test the reliability of the system and the degree of intrusion felt by the participants.

“The system does not modify the life of the users, but does positively modify that of the people who look after them,” indicated Ros, who recalled that elderly people or those with special needs often reject the aid of others and demand more independence.

The researcher believes that the new system may help to achieve this objective.

A research article describing the new system has been published in the Expert Systems with Applications magazine. (ANI)

Newspapers, other media lead entrepreneurs astray

Washington, Aug 27 (ANI): Entrepreneurs should remain wary of what they read in newspapers and other written sources, for they might lead them off track, according to University of California researchers.

Dr. Susan Glover said that public information from both informal and written sources, like newspapers, lead entrepreneurs astray.

In a study Glover took as an example how newspaper propaganda shaped the ore foraging strategies of the late nineteenth century Colorado silver prospectors.

She said that it is still not clear why individuals would allow questionable information from the media to dictate their economic strategies.

Still, she said that it was not uncommon for investors to be overenthusiastic during mass economic events, including the dot.com boom and the recent economic crisis.

She used the Colorado silver rush as a case study to investigate the role of the media and public information in shaping economic strategies, by comparing actual and optimal foraging behaviors (known as central place foraging, or CPF, behaviours) – in this case, of silver prospectors in Gothic, Colorado.

Central Place Foraging (CPF) models are designed to investigate optimal foraging strategies of individuals.

The data was gathered from the newspapers of the time, since the information in them is a “fossilized” version of what the public would have known from more informal sources, such as saloons.

She found that the information in the local newspapers exaggerated ore concentrations and led prospectors to underestimate the actual risk and investment of time and energy they were taking.

As the “payoff” was not worth the risk, (part of which was the distance from the town to the mines – not CPF behavior) prospectors ended up over-risking their investment.

The case showed that while the media can exploit the public by appearing to supply accurate information, the media themselves are being misled.

The study also teaches that in an environment where decisions are based on information provided (and presumably manipulated) by others, risk management is practically impossible and has a high potential for failure.

A very extreme case of this is the recent global financial crisis – individuals were underestimating their economic risk (subprime mortgages) based on what media and economic specialists were reporting.

And based on the CPF model, they wandered very far away from their home base with the false hope of a bigger payoff or a better life.

The study was published online in Springer’s journal Human Ecology. (ANI)

“Mars spectacular” event on August 27 a hoax, say astronomers

Washington, August 27 (ANI): Astronomers have confirmed that an email promising a “Mars spectacular” event on August 27, when the Red Planet will look as large as the full moon, is nothing but a hoax.

According to a report in National Geographic News, the anonymous message from an unknown part of the globe says that the red planet “will look as large as the full moon” in the night sky, and that “no one alive today will ever see this again.”

The claim has been bombarding people’s inboxes worldwide every summer for five years.

Today, the Mars hoax has grown into a kind of cyber legend-one that astronomers are still struggling to debunk.

“The possibility of seeing Mars as large as the moon strikes the imagination,” said Marc Jobin, staff astronomer at the Montreal Planetarium in Quebec.

“The sad reality is that a lot of people have little comprehension of astronomy and are unable to call the hoax,” he added.

But, there is a thread of truth that inspired the prank several years ago.

Planets are not on perfectly circular orbits, and during their elliptical paths around the sun, planets can vary in their exact distances to each other over time.

On August 27, 2003, Mars made a historically tight approach to Earth, coming about 56 million kilometers away.

Such a near pass hadn’t happened in nearly 60,000 years, and it won’t happen again until August 28, 2287.

In 2003, planetariums had sent out notices alerting stargazers of the real astronomical event.

“At the time, through the telescope, Mars looked as large as the full moon would with the naked eye,” explained Geza Gyuk, astronomer at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago, Illinois.

Through a backyard telescope with a high-power eyepiece, viewers could even make out many surface features on Mars’s disk.

With the naked eye, Mars still appeared as nothing more than a brilliant orange-colored star in the sky.

Still, an email hoax was born.

If the red planet actually did appear as huge as purported in the Mars hoax email, the planet would be just 750,000 kilometers from Earth, or about twice as far away as the moon.

According to Jobin, at that distance, life on Earth would likely be doomed.

Given the interplay of gravity between the planets and the sun, a much closer Mars “would have extreme consequences on the shape of the Earth’s orbit, with our planet swinging much closer and much farther away from the sun,” he said. (ANI)

New model of quantum gravity may rewrite Einstein’s theory of general relativity

Washington, August 25 (ANI): Scientists at Texas A and M University in the US have developed a controversial new model of quantum gravity, which might reproduce Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity.

The theory, which Einstein developed in the early 20th century, says that matter curves spacetime, and it is this curvature which deflects massive bodies – an effect that we interpret as the influence of gravity.

The theory has been tested to extremely high accuracy and without it, our satellite global positioning system would be off by about 10 km per day.

Despite the success of general relativity, one of the most important problems in modern physics is finding a theory of quantum gravity that reconciles the continuous nature of gravitational fields with the inherent ‘graininess’ of quantum mechanics.

Recently, Petr Horava at Lawrence Berkeley Lab proposed such a model for quantum gravity that has received widespread interest, in no small part because it is one of the few models that could be experimentally tested.

In Horava’s model, Lorentz symmetry, which says that physics is the same regardless of the reference frame, is violated at small distance scales, but remerges over longer distance scales

The team at Texas A and M, which includes Hong Lu, Jianwei Mei and Christopher Pope, report their investigations into how the modifications proposed in Horava’s theory will broadly affect the solutions of general relativity.

Lu and his team’s calculations suggest that Horava’s model only reproduces general relativity on unobservable scales, “larger than the size of the Universe”.

The research team’s paper is an important contribution to testing the Horava model and shows that a good deal of work remains to understand its full implications. (ANI)

Triple world record holder Bolt sets his eyes on long jump

Berlin (Germany), Aug 24(ANI): Following his world record breaking efforts, Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt has expressed a desire to set records in long jump to acquire the legend status.

“I tell my coach I’d love to try the long jump before I retire. Definitely. Hopefully, I can do this before I retire because I think I’d be very good,” The Guardian quoted Bolt, as saying.

On being asked whether he would compete in 400m races on, Bolt said that he would run the one-lap distance as a season’s opener next year, but insisted that he was not keen on the event.

“I don’t know. I don’t want to do it, but if my coach decides I’m dominant over the 100 and 200 and let’s try something new, I’ll definitely try to put my heart into it also,” Bolt said.

Earlier, former American track and field athlete Mike Powell, holder of the long jump world record, had said that Bolt could be the first to crack nine-metres.

“With his height [6ft 5in] he is the type who would scare me. He is tall and fast. We are dealing with a freak-of-nature athlete.

He is off the charts. He is destroying other athletes, making them look like kids,” Powell said. (ANI)

Railways reduce tatkal charges from October 1

New Delhi, Aug 24 (ANI): The Ministry of Railways has decided to reduce the tatkal charges with effect from October 1.

The new tatkal charges will be at the rate of 10 per cent of basic fare for second class and 30 per cent of basic fare for all other classes subject to minimum and maximum charges for each class.

The minimum charge for second class (sitting) is 10 rupees and the maximum will be 15 rupees, for sleeper class and AC chair car the minimum has been fixed at 75 rupees and the maximum at 150 rupees, while for AC III and AC II tier classes the minimum will be 200 rupees with the maximum being 300 rupees.

Tatkal tickets will be issued for actual distance of travel, instead of end-to-end, subject to the distance restriction applicable to the train.

The same tatkal berth/seat may be booked in multiple legs till preparation of charts. At the time of preparation of charts, unutilized portion may be released to the General RAC/Waiting list passengers.

Tatkal facility will be introduced in executive class of Shatabdi Express trains also, by earmarking 10 per cent of the accommodation available that is five seats per coach The existing refund rules of tatkal tickets will remain unchanged.

Earlier, the Ministry of Railways had decided to reduce the Advance Reservation Period (ARP) under tatkal scheme from five days to two days (excluding the date of journey) for journey commencing with effect from August 1. (ANI)

50yr-old Chinese woman planning to pull a plane with her pigtail!

New Delhi, Aug 24 (ANI): A Chinese woman, who is in her early 50s, has made plans to pull a plane using just her pigtail, after she used it to pull five cars, with a man sitting inside each, for a distance of 50 meters along a road.

Zhang Tingting, a native of Henan province, performed the feat on August 23 in Tongzhou district, Beijing, reports the China Daily.

Zhang, who will perform the airplane feat early next year, attributed her strength to the fact that she was well trained in Chinese Kungfu.

She says the art gave her mental and physical strength to pull off the stunt. (ANI)

NASA successfully tests eco-friendly rocket propellant

Washington, August 22 (ANI): NASA and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, or AFOSR, have successfully launched a small rocket using an environmentally-friendly, safe propellant comprised of aluminum powder and water ice, called ALICE.

“This collaboration has been an opportunity for graduate students to work on an environmentally-friendly propellant that can be used for flight on Earth and used in long distance space missions,” said NASA Chief Engineer Mike Ryschkewitsch at NASA Headquarters in Washington.

“These sorts of university-led experimental projects encourage a new generation of aerospace engineers to think outside of the box and look at new ways for NASA to meet our exploration goals,” he added.

Using ALICE as fuel, a nine-foot rocket soared to a height of 1,300 feet over Purdue University’s Scholer farms in Indiana earlier this month.

ALICE is generating excitement among researchers because this energetic propellant has the potential to replace some liquid or solid propellants.

When it is optimized, it could have a higher performance than conventional propellants.

“By funding this collaborative research with NASA, Purdue University and the Pennsylvania State University, AFOSR continues to promote basic research breakthroughs for the future of the Air Force,” said Dr. Brendan Godfrey, director of AFOSR.

ALICE has the consistency of toothpaste when made. It can be fit into molds and then cooled to -30 degree Celsius 24 hours before flight.

The propellant has a high burn rate and achieved a maximum thrust of 650 pounds during this test.

“A sustained collaborative research effort on the fundamentals of the combustion of nanoscale aluminum and water over the last few years led to the success of this flight,” said Dr. Steven F. Son, a research team member from Purdue.

“ALICE can be improved with the addition of oxidizers and become a potential solid rocket propellant on Earth. Theoretically, ALICE can be manufactured in distant places like the moon or Mars, instead of being transported to distant locations at high cost,” he added. (ANI)

Why people walk in circles when lost

Washington, Aug 21(ANI): It’s true: When people are lost, they walk in circles. That’s the conclusion of a new research which has also found the reason behind it.

Scientists in the Multisensory Perception and Action Group at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen, led by Jan Souman and Marc Ernst, have presented the first empirical evidence that people really walk in circles when they do not have reliable cues to their walking direction.

The study has been published in the journal Current Biology.

The boffins examined the walking trajectories of people who walked for several hours in the Sahara desert (Tunisia) and in the Bienwald forest area (Germany). They used the global positioning system (GPS) to record these trajectories.

The results showed that participants were only able to keep a straight path when the sun or moon was visible. However, as soon as the sun disappeared behind some clouds, people started to walk in circles without even noticing it.

Speaking about the study, Jan Souman said: “One explanation offered in the past for walking in circles is that most people have one leg longer or stronger than the other, which would produce a systematic bias in one direction. To test this explanation, we instructed people to walk straight while blindfolded, thus removing the effects of vision. Most of the participants in the study walked in circles, sometimes in extremely small ones (diameter less than 20 metres).”

However, it turned out that these circles were rarely in a systematic direction. Instead, the same person sometimes veered to the left, sometimes to the right. Walking in circles is therefore not caused by differences in leg length or strength, but more likely the result of increasing uncertainty about where straight ahead is.

“Small random errors in the various sensory signals that provide information about walking direction add up over time, making what a person perceives to be straight ahead drift away from the true straight ahead direction,” according to Souman.

Marc Ernst, Group Leader at the MPI for Biological Cybernetics, added: “The results from these experiments show that even though people may be convinced that they are walking in a straight line, their perception is not always reliable. Additional, more cognitive, strategies are necessary to really walk in a straight line.

“People need to use reliable cues for walking direction in their environment, for example a tower or mountain in the distance, or the position of the sun.” (ANI)

Scientists unveil new way to clinically assess condition of tooth enamel using lasers

Washington, August 19 (ANI): A collaborative study conducted by Australian and Taiwani researchers has led to a novel way to analyse the health of human teeth using lasers.

Described in the open-access journal Optics Express, the new approach involves measuring how the surface of a tooth responds to laser-generated ultrasound, which can help evaluate the mineral content of tooth enamel-the semi-translucent outer layer of a tooth that protects the underlying dentin.

This is the first time that any research team has been able to non-destructively measure the elasticity of human teeth, creating a method that can be used to assess oral health and predict emerging dental problems, such as tooth decay and cavities.

“The ultimate goal is to come up with a quick, efficient, cost-effective, and non-destructive way to evaluate the mineralization of human dental enamel,” says David Hsiao-Chuan Wang, a graduate student at the University of Sydney in Australia and first author on the paper.

For research purposes, “nano-indentation” is commonly used for gaining information on the elasticity of tooth enamel-a measure of its mineral content. However, nano-indentation destroys the measured regions of the enamel in the process and is only used to look at extracted teeth.

Wang and his advisor Simon Fleming, a physics professor at the University of Sydney’s Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, said that they wanted to develop a clinical method that would give as much information as nano-indentation and could be used to assess tooth enamel in actual patients while being completely non-destructive.

So, added the researchers, they developed a way to measure the elasticity of tooth enamel by adapting laser ultrasonic surface wave velocity dispersion, a method similar to what industrial engineers use to evaluate the integrity of thin films and metals.

They have revealed that their approach uses short duration laser pulses to excite ultrasonic waves that propagate along the surface, and penetrate only a small distance into a tooth.

The velocity of these waves is influenced by the elastic properties of the enamel on a tooth, and by detecting the ultrasonic waves with fibre optics at various points, they can determine the enamel’s elasticity, which is directly related to its mineralisation.

In their research article, the researchers have written that they could use this technique on extracted human teeth.

They admit that they have not yet tested the technique on a living person’s teeth, and that it will likely take several years before any eventual device is ready for use in the dentist’s office. (ANI)

Migratory birds not choosy about selecting their rest stops

Washington, August 13 (ANI): A new study Purdue University study researchers has found that migratory birds are not choosy about selecting their rest stops.

In the study, John Dunning, an associate professor of forestry and natural resources, Purdue University, found that migrating birds are just as likely to stop in small woodlots in the middle of an agricultural field for the night as stopping by a lush, protected forest, provided there is adequate protection and food.

Dunning said the finding suggests that conservation efforts should extend to smaller forested lands to help stabilize declining migratory bird populations.

“There are strategies for conserving forest for migratory birds, but those strategies emphasize the largest patches of forest,” he said.

“We found that even very small woodlots were filled with migratory birds at times. It makes us believe we also need to conserve the little patches of forest, not just the big ones,” he added.

Dunning and graduate student Diane Packett observed woodlots at three distances from Indiana’s Wabash River and its tributaries – within half a kilometer, between one and five kilometers and at about 20 kilometers.

The woodlots were less than 20 acres and had row crops surrounding them on at least three sides.

There were 76 different species of migratory birds found in the woodlots, with no statistical differences in the number of species or overall population of birds based on distance from streams.

According to Packett, the birds, which travel thousands of miles between South and Central America and Canada twice each year, sometimes just need a place to stop along their journey.

As forests have been cleared for development, agriculture and other uses, those birds have to make do with whatever patches of forest they can find when they become tired or encounter bad weather.

“They don’t make the trip all in one jump. It can be thousands of miles they have to fly,” Packett said. “They need safe places to stop, eat and rest. If they don’t have that, they might not survive,” she added.

Dunning said the findings are especially timely since smaller forested areas may be in danger because of increased manufacturing of ethanol.

Dunning said he would like to use radio transmitters on birds that gather in small woodlots to see how long they stay in the areas and to pinpoint other important stopovers migratory birds use. (ANI)