Avatars on treadmill could encourage us to exercise

Washington, Mar 30 (ANI): A study has found that watching a self-resembling avatar in action turns out to be an effective motivational technique to start exercising.

According to a Stanford University research project, participants who watched digital versions of themselves run on a treadmill ended up exercising nearly an hour longer than those who watched their avatars hang out or viewed avatars of other people exercising.

“We”re definitely surprised that the manipulation worked,” Discovery News quoted Stanford doctoral student Jesse Fox, who oversaw the studies, as saying.

“I was very fascinated,” she stated.

Fox, who describes herself as a social scientist who didn”t even own a computer, was curious how digital technologies could impact health and other behaviours.

In three studies, each of which had about 80 participants, she found that virtual representations are a powerful motivation tool.

“When we see models that look like us, we”re inclined to imitate the behaviours,” she said.

Fox concluded it could be narcissism, or perhaps an emotional tie, but the sight of a virtual self exercising and making healthy food choices seems to have a positive impact on behaviours — at least in the short term.

For the studies, digital photographs of subjects were rendered into avatars.

Participants wore a virtual reality helmet that projected images of their avatars running on a treadmill.

Other subjects watched avatars they didn”t resemble exercise, and a third group watched their digital selves just hang out.

Fox revealed that when participants were contacted a day later, those who had watched their digital selves exercise reported working out nearly an hour longer than the other subjects.

“There is quite a bit of research in psychology indicating that if people mentally visualize themselves performing some task or behaviour, they can then in reality actually improve their performance on that task,” John Suler, a professor of psychology at Rider University”s Science and Technology Center, wrote in an email.

“It”s often used in sports psychology. The premise seems to be that if you can imagine it, you can start to make it real. Avatars and virtual environments take that process one step further.

“Avatars become a way to make more tangible what you would like to imagine yourself to be, which then might activate the potential to actually become what you imagine,” Suler added. (ANI)

Eating fish, nuts and olive oil may be good for your eyes

Washington, May 12 (ANI): Consumption of foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids such fish, nuts and olive oil may protect against development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a study has found.

Jennifer S.L. Tan, M.B.B.S., B.E., of Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Australia, and colleagues examined 2,454 participants in the Blue Mountains Eye Study, which began in 1992 to 1994.

At that time, participants completed a food frequency questionnaire that was analysed to determine their intake of various fatty acids. Digital photographs of the retina were used to assess the development of AMD five and 10 years later.

After adjusting for age, sex and smoking, eating one serving of fish per week was associated with a 31 percent lower risk of developing early AMD.

The researchers found that association was stronger among individuals with a lower intake of linoleic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid found primarily in vegetable oils.

They also found that eating one to two servings of nuts per week was associated with a 35 percent lower risk of early AMD.

According to researchers, these fatty acids may protect the eyes by preventing the build-up of plaque in the arteries or reducing inflammation, blood vessel formation and oxygen-related cell damage in the retina.

“In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis that increased intake of omega-three polyunsaturated fatty acids and regular consumption of fish and/or nuts in the diet may protect against the development of early AMD,” the authors said.

The study appears in the May issue of Archives of Ophthalmology, one of the JAMA/Archives journals. (ANI)

Brain cells’ ‘time-stamp’ helps encode memories

Washington, Jan 29 (ANI): Remembering old events often makes us nostalgic. Now, researchers have explained this phenomenon with the help of a computer model, which has suggested that newborn brain cells add a time-related code.

However, the model developed by scientists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies showed that, unlike the kind of time stamp found on digital photographs, neuronal time code only provides relative time.

“By labelling contemporary events as similar, new neurons allow us to recall events from a certain period,” speculates Fred H. Gage, Ph.D., a professor in the Laboratory for Genetics, who led the study.

The researchers, instead of finding out how the brain stores temporal information, set out to know why adult brains continually spawn new brain cells in the dentate gyrus, the entryway to the hippocampus.

The hippocampus, distributes memory to appropriate storage sections in the brain after readying the information for efficient recall.

“At least one percent of all cells in the dentate gyrus are immature at any given time. Intuitively we feel that those new brain cells have to be good for something, but nobody really knows what it is,” explained lead author Brad Aimone, a graduate student in the Computational Neuroscience Program at the University of California, San Diego.

Despite an increasing understanding of how new neurons become part of the existing dentate gyrus network, it is still unclear what their exact function is.

In order to find out the newcomers’ job in adult brains, the researchers took every piece of available biological information and fed it into a computer program designed to simulate the neuronal circuits in the dentate gyrus.

“Most modelers test a specific hypothesis and build a model around it. We tried not to make any big assumptions about the function of new neurons. Instead we asked, ‘What is the biology, and what does the math suggest?’” said Aimone.

And it was found that overly excitable youngsters respond indiscriminately to incoming information.

“The circuit in the dentate gyrus is designed to separate incoming memories into distinct events, a process called pattern separation, but immature cells get into the way by blurring the lines. And if they keep muddling the picture, there’s almost no point,” said Aimone.

Even the most highly strung nerve cells that used to get excited by just about anything will eventually quiet down.

As they mature into fully functional granule cells, they take their place in the existing circuitry while the next generation of newborn neurons takes their place firing away at new events.

Still, independent events that had nothing in common but the fact that they occurred around the same time will now be connected forever in our minds-explaining why discussing the movie we saw a couple of months ago might bring back the name of the caf‚ we visited afterward but whose name has been eluding us.

The study is published in the latest issue of the journal Neuron. (ANI)