Scientists observe budding solar systems

Washington, June 11 (ANI): Scientists have observed, for the first time ever, the processes that give rise to stars and planets in nascent solar systems.

The discoveries, appearing in the Astrophysical Journal, provide a better understanding of the way hydrogen gas from the protoplanetary disk is incorporated into the star.

By coupling both Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii with a specifically engineered instrument named ASTRA (ASTrometric and phase-Referenced Astronomy), University of Arizona astronomer Joshua Eisner and his colleagues were able to peer deeply into protoplanetary disks -swirling clouds of gas and dust that feed the growing star in its centre and eventually coalesce into planets and asteroids to form a solar system.

Combining the Keck interferometer with the spectro-astrometry technique, Eisner and his collaborators were able to distinguish between the distributions of gas, mostly made up of hydrogen, and dust, thereby resolving the disk””s features.

“We were able to get really, really close to the star and look right at the interface between the gas-rich protoplanetary disk and the star,” said Eisner, who serves as project scientist on the ASTRA team.

He added: “We want to understand how material accretes onto the star.

“This process has never been measured directly.” (ANI)

9/11 workers lost ability to smell, detect irritants: Study

Washington, May 19 (ANI): A study has found that workers exposed to the complex mixture of toxic airborne chemicals following the 9/11 disaster had a decreased ability to detect odours and irritants two years after the exposure.

The new research from the Monell Center and collaborating institutions reports that the inability to detect odours and irritants came 2 years after buildings” collapse.

“The nose performs many sensory functions that are critical for human health and safety,” lead author Pamela Dalton, PhD, MPH, an environmental psychologist at Monell, said.

“The sensory system that detects irritants is the first line of defense to protect the lungs against airborne toxic chemicals. The loss of the ability of the nose to respond to a strong irritant means that the reflexes that protect the lungs from toxic exposures will not be triggered,” she stated.

Individuals involved in rescue, recovery, demolition and clean-up at the World Trade Center (WTC) were exposed to a complex mixture of smoke, dust, fumes, and gases.

In the study, Dalton and collaborators studied 102 individuals who worked or volunteered at the WTC site on 9/11 and during the days and weeks afterward to determine whether this exposure affected their ability to detect odours and irritants.

Forty-four percent of the workers reported being in lower Manhattan on 9/11 and 97 percent worked on the site during the week after the buildings” collapse.

Two years after the exposure, the WTC workers had decreased sensitivity to odours and irritants as compared to similar workers with no WTC exposure.

Twenty-two percent of the WTC workers had a diminished ability to detect odours and nearly 75 percent had an impaired ability to detect irritants.

Workers exposed to the dust cloud immediately after the buildings” collapse had the most extreme loss of sensitivity to irritants, with an almost complete inability to detect the nasal irritant used in the study.

Almost none of the individuals tested recognized that their ability to detect odours and irritants was compromised.

Health screenings of WTC workers had documented the effects of inhaled exposure on the lungs and respiratory function, but little was known about the impact on sensory systems of the nose.

These sensory systems include the olfactory system, which detects odours, and the somatosensory system, responsible for detecting irritants, chemicals that cause pain, tingling, burning, stinging, or prickling.

The inability to detect irritants and odours is a critical safety concern, especially since the workers were not aware of their impairment.

“Odours also serve a protective function, such as the ability to identify smoke from a fire, leaking gas, or spoiled food,” Dalton added.

The authors suggest that the ability to smell and detect irritants should be evaluated regularly in WTC responders and other workers having pollutant exposures.

The finding has been published online in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. (ANI)

Pak now has two of Shahzad’s ‘collaborators’ in custody: US official

Islamabad, May 15 (ANI): At least two men suspected of having helped fund Faisal Shahzad, the man behind the botched Times Square bombing plot are currently in custody of Pakistani authorities, a top US military official has said.

Speaking on conditions of anonymity, the official revealed that the Pakistani authorities have detained at least two suspects in connection with providing money to Shahzad, The Daily Times reports.

Earlier, media reports said that Pakistan has arrested a man, who claims to have helped Shahzad.

“The suspect in Pakistani custody is believed to have a connection to the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). Clues have added to authorities” understanding of the plot, but what is definitely true is that a lot of this comes from the statements of people directly involved,” The Washington Post had quoted a US intelligence official, who refused to be named, as saying.

U.S. officials declined to identify the suspect, but said American investigators have direct access to him, and described him as a facilitator for the TTP.

Officials privy to the probe said the suspect, during interrogation, described the whole story about the Shahzad’s arrival in Karachi last year and his travel north to Waziristan for training with elements of the Pakistani Taliban.

However, some other US official, briefed on the investigations said there are some “conflicts and disconnects” in the accounts of Shahzad and the man in custody.

Meanwhile, Interior Minister Rehman Malik has said no “formal” arrests have been made concerning the May 1 New York terror plot.

“I would like to tell you that there has not been any formal arrest by us,” Malik said when asked whether Pakistani agencies have detained any accomplice of Shahzad. (ANI)

“Ancient city of ”modern” galaxies” discovered

Washington, May 12 (ANI): Astronomers led by Texas A&M scientists have identified what may be called the “ancient city of ”modern” galaxies”.

The group of roughly 60 galaxies, called CLG J02182-05102, is nearly 10 billion years old, and possibly the earliest, most distant cluster of galaxies ever detected.

However, it”s not the size nor the age of the cluster that amazes the team of researchers led by Dr. Casey Papovich, an assistant professor in the Texas A&M Department of Physics and Astronomy and member of the George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy.

Rather, it”s the surprisingly modern appearance of CLG J02182-05102 that has them baffled – a huge, red collection of galaxies typical of only present-day galaxies.

Papovich said: “It”s like we dug an archaeological site in Rome and found pieces of modern Rome amongst the ruins.”

While its neighbouring galaxies appear vastly smaller and far fainter, Papovich says CLG J02182-05102 stands out as a densely populated bundle of ancient galaxies.

Enormous red galaxies at the centre contain almost 10 times as many stars as our Milky Way, he notes, combining for a total size that rivals that of the most monstrous galaxies of our nearby universe.

Before now, Papovich says, such a finding would be considered by many astronomers to be highly unlikely, considering the time frame in which they were found.

Papovich said: “The predictions are that these things should be very rare when the universe was 4 billion years old, and yet, we found them.

“Not only did we find them, it looks for all intents and purposes like they had already formed completely and evolved into the large concentrations of galaxies that we see in clusters today.”

Exactly why these particular galaxies are fully formed that early is what Papovich and his collaborators – which include astronomers from NASA”s Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) as well as Carnegie Observatories – hope to one day uncover, but for now, studying CLG J02182-05102 could help them and other researchers better understand how galaxies form and cluster in general.

The study will appear in Astrophysical Journal. (ANI)

Policymakers’ comments at IMF, G20 meetings

(Reuters) – Following are key quotes from global financial leaders on the fourth day of talks around the IMF’s annual spring meetings.

FRENCH ECONOMY MINISTER CHRISTINE LAGARDE

ON CANADIAN COMMENTS THE DEAL WOULD BE NEED TO BE BIGGER

“You have to remember that the package is a three-year package. The commitment for 30 billion euros made by Eurogroup is just for the first year. So now we are negotiating.”

GREEK FINANCE MINISTER GEORGE PAPACONSTANTINOU

OPENING REMARKS:

“It (the EU-IMF aid package) involves a comprehensive three year economic program and financing conditions

.”

“We are very confident that these negotiations… will be concluded rather soon. They are going well.”

“We are therefore advancing fast in these (negotiations) … we are all confident that this will be done in time and we will be able to continue to finance Greek public debt without any problem.

ASKED IF GREECE SHOULD HAVE GONE STRAIGHT TO THE IMF:

“There was never a possibility or an option on our side to go separately to the IMF. Greece is a member of the euro zone.”

“I want to categorically state that any notion of restructuring is off the table.”

ASKED ABOUT INVESTORS BETTING ON DEFAULT:

“To investors, I know that some of you have been betting certain ways. All I can say is that they will lose your shirts.”

ON LEAVING THE EURO ZONE:

“It is a scenario that has absolutely no basis to reality. Greece is a member of the euro zone, will always remain a member of the euro zone, will always remain within the European Union.”

ON TIMING:

“I think early May is a good ballpark figure. I don’t want to give a particular date. We all know that these negotiations take weeks. We’re working very fast as we talk here — the team of EU, ECB and the IMF and Greece is working with our collaborators on technical aspects. So it is very clear that we want to conclude this as soon as possible.”

ASKED ABOUT OPPOSITION IN GERMANY TO AID:

“They are completely on board on the need for a framework of conditionality and fully supportive of a decision that Germany has co-signed at the level of heads of state and government and at the Euro group level.”

ASKED ABOUT OTHER WAYS OF RAISING FUNDS:

“There are many options that will allow us to gain by reducing the stake in public companies. The Greek state has an enormous number of real estate assets, over hundreds of billions. The proper exploitation, in the good sense of the word, will allow us to raise funds and also release resources into the private sector.

IMF MANAGING DIRECTOR DOMINIQUE STRAUSS-KAHN

On Greece: “I am impressed with the Greek authorities’ determination to take the actions necessary to put their economy back on track.

“Since we received the request for financial support last Friday, our discussions with the authorities have accelerated. The IMF, the European partners, and everyone involved in the financing effort recognizes the need for speed. I am confident that we will conclude discussions in time to meet Greece’s needs.

“We are all aware of the seriousness of the situation and the courageous efforts being made by the Greek people.”

BANK OF CANADA GOVERNOR MARK CARNEY

On global imbalances:

“As in many deep issues, the first sign of progress is recognizing you have a problem, and I would say that the discussion around the table recognized that we have a problem.

“The add-up looks pretty good … but it wasn’t a credible add-up.

“Progress was captured in a shared recognition of the problem, a shared recognition of the inconsistency of the various policies. In some respects we’re a little ahead of the game. The (Canadian) government wanted to get there in Toronto. We got there a little sooner, but there’s a lot of work to be done at this stage.

On deficits, exit strategies:

“What we’re seeing with Greece, and we’ve been seeing it in the last few weeks, are the indications the limits of fiscal stimulus depend importantly on the initial conditions countries had when they embarked on programs.

“There are substantial fiscal consolidations that are required in a very, very large number of countries. I mean we’ve seen war-like spending in peace time, and its going to take concerted effort over a number of years to bring budgets back to a sustainable level.”

“Anyone who sits and looks at what happened and says ‘Well, that wasn’t a great recession,’ hasn’t appreciated the scale of what was done to ensure an outcome that wasn’t as extreme as before, both on the fiscal and the monetary side … and particularly on the fiscal side hasn’t thought through or appreciated the scale of what will be required to adjust fiscal back to normal.”

Vatican slams media over allegations Pope helped cover up sex abuse

London, Mar 27 (ANI): The Vatican has slammed the media over allegations that the Pope helped cover-up sex abuse, saying that the claim was an “ignoble” attempt to strike at the Pontiff.

The Catholic Church has been hit by a series of child abuse allegations across Europe and the US over the past few months, and in a strongly worded defence of Pope Benedict XVI, they insisted there was no cover-up in the case of Father Lawrence Murphy, reports the Daily Express.

Claims of a cover-up had been made against the now deceased Father Murphy, who is alleged to have abused 200 boys at an American school for the deaf between 1950 and 1974.

Reports in the US on March 25 claimed that the Pope, who was then Cardinal Ratzinger, failed to act on warnings about Father Murphy from Milwaukee.

The Vatican denied a “cover-up” and said he only became aware of the case “much later, when the priest was already old and ailing”.

On March 26 it accused the media of a smear campaign, with the official newspaper L’Osservatore Romano labelling the reports as an “ignoble attempt to strike at Pope Benedict XVI and his collaborators at any cost”.

Several alleged victims have come forward. Arthur Budzinski said he was abused from the age of 12 when he asked Father Murphy to hear his confession.

Steven Geier said Father Murphy molested him as a 14-year-old, using God to justify his actions.

The allegations surfaced years ago, but received new attention this week when court documents showed he was not defrocked in the 1990s as he was protected by the Vatican office led by the now Pope. (ANI)

Single gene behind essential tremor, Parkinson’s disease identified

Washington, September 2 (ANI): A single gene promotes development of essential tremor in some patients and Parkinson’s disease in others has been identified by an international team of researchers.

In a study report published in Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, Mayo Clinic researchers in Florida and their collaborators worldwide note that patients with essential tremor shake when they move, while those with Parkinson’s disease shake when they are at rest.

They further state that a variant in LINGO1, a gene involved in neuronal survival, is the first proven evidence of a common genetic component in the development of both disorders.

Analysing their findings, the researchers have come to the conclusion that mutations in this gene are potentially responsible for five percent of patients with Parkinson’s disease, and five percent of patients with essential tremor.

Lead researcher Dr. Carles Vilarino-Guell, of Mayo Clinic, said: “There is a mutation in the gene that must be causing or contributing to Parkinson’s disease in some people and essential tremor in others.”

He, however, added that that did not mean that people with essential tremor have an increased risk of developing Parkinson’s disease.

The findings are intriguing because “although essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease are considered to be different diseases, researchers have been arguing for a long time about whether essential tremor is a milder, preliminary form of Parkinson’s disease, and they have been looking for the genetic connection between these disorders,” he said.

“Now we know LINGO1 is the first gene identified,” he added.

The scientists have yet to identify any specific mutation or mutations on LINGO1 responsible for either disorder.

“The easiest explanation is that there are two separate and clearly distinct mutations in the gene contributing to the disorders. But because this gene doubles the risk of developing either disease and it is found at the same frequency in both diseases, it is possibly the same mutation,” Dr. Vilarino-Guell said.

“Both diseases are also affected by environmental factors, and that may influence which disorder a person would be more likely to develop,” he added. (ANI)

Scientists determine dog’s place and date of birth

Washington, September 2 (ANI): The place and the point in time when dogs first emerged have been identified, claim researchers at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, Sweden.

“For the first time in history it is now possible to provide a detailed picture of the dog including birthplace, point in time and the number of wolves that were tamed,” says Peter Savolainen, a biology researcher at KTH.

Working with Swedish and Chinese collaborators, he has made a number of new discoveries concerning the history of man’s best friend.

He has established that the dog arrived 16 000 years ago in Asia, south of the Yangtze River in China.

“Our previous discoveries from 2002 have not been fully accepted; however with this new data acceptance will probably be greater. The picture is much more detailed,” Peter says.

He says that the point in time when the dog emerged is well in line with the point when the population of this part of the world changed from hunting and gathering to farming as a way of life-10 000 to 12 000 years ago.

According to Peter, this research indicates that the dog has only one geographical origin, but is descended from a large number of animals.

“Considering that it involved so many wolves, this indicates that this event was important and a major part of the culture,” he says.

The research result comes from genetical analysis of mitochondrial DNA from 1 500 dogs, from all over the earth.

An article highlighting the findings has been published in the scientific journal Molecular Biology and Evolution. (ANI)

New therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer found

Washington, Apr 19 (ANI): A research team led by Indian origin scientist has identified a potential target for pancreatic cancer, one of the most fatal cancers.

Akhilesh Pandey, a Johns Hopkins University pathologist has identified an epidermal growth factor receptor, which has found to be aberrantly active in approximately a third of the 250 human pancreatic cancers studied.

The team has found a phosophorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (pEGFR), which is closely related to HER-2, a growth factor receptor found and used as a drug target in a subset of breast cancers.

After he found and profiled the pEGFR activated in the pancreatic cancers, Dr. Pandey realized the same receptor had been found by other researchers to be activated in a subset of lung cancers.

And, most promising, an EGFR inhibitor named erlotinib is used for treatment of these specific lung cancers.

During the research, the researchers used mice in which human pancreatic tumour cells with activated EGFT had been placed. The tumours began growing.

But when treated with erlotinib, they began to shrink. Other tumours without activated pECFR showed no response.

Dr. Pandey said that the promise – and the challenge – of using pEGFR is that of personalized medicine.

Earlier studies in other laboratories and clinical trials already had tried EGF inhibitors as a treatment for pancreatic cancer and concluded that they did not work.

However, when Dr. Pandey’s collaborators allowed them to re-examine their samples, they found that the only case in 12 cases that had responded to the EGF inhibitor was the only case with an activated EGF receptor.

Dr Pandey plans to use mass spectrometry to find additional markers of pancreatic cancer in the tumours themselves but also in blood and urine, which would avoid the problems of invasive biopsies. (ANI)

Bangladesh to probe 1971 war crimes afresh

Dhaka, April 5 (DPA) The Bangladesh government Sunday announced it would form a panel to investigate war crimes allegedly perpetrated by Pakistani occupation forces and their local agents 38 years ago.

‘We will form a probe committee at an inter-ministry meeting scheduled for Wednesday,’ State Minister for Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs Quamrul Islam told a press briefing after a meeting of senior ministers and the UN’ representative to Bangladesh.

Islam described the decision for an investigation as a fresh step towards bringing suspected war criminals to justice after nearly four decades of liberation.

UN representative Renata Lok Dessallien, meanwhile, said: ‘We have proposed bringing specialists here so that the trial process meets international standards. The experts will share their experiences to avoid mistakes.’

War crimes trials were a complex issue, she added.

Earlier, the government had said the war crimes trials would be prosecuted under Bangladesh’s International Crimes Tribunals Act of 1973. It had also barred suspected war criminals from leaving the country.

In late January, parliament approved a resolution seeking the speedy prosecution of war criminals in line with the ruling party’s electoral promise.

According to historians, some three million unarmed people were killed during Bangladesh’s war of independence against Pakistani forces in 1971. Around 200,000 women were raped and tens of thousands of homes were torched by Pakistani forces and their local collaborators.

An early initiative to prosecute war crimes was called off after the 1975 political changeover following the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the architect of Bangladesh’s independence.

The Bangladesh Sector Commander Forum, a group of 1971 war veterans, revealed last year that 11,000 indicted war criminals were released from jails a few months after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s assassination on the night of Aug 14, 1975.

Girl Bonding Kangana –Priyanka Are Collaborators On Stage…

Girl Bonding Kangana –Priyanka Are Collaborators On Stage… For her show on 5 April for Femina Kangana will be paying a tribute to two screen queens Madhuri Dixit and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan.

And when she got to know that Priyanka Chopra too will be performing Kangana gladly gave over the Fashion songs to her colleague and friend.

Says Kangana, “When I got to know that Priyanka is performing I asked her about her songs. When she said she was doing the Fashion songs I happily decided to do the tribute to Aishwarya and Madhuri. I’ll be dancing to tracks like Madhuri’s Mera piya ghar aaya and Aishwarya’s Nimbooda. This gives me a chance to try out my Kathak which I’ve been learning for three years.”

So much for the belief that two actresses can never get along together. Ironically Abhishek Bachchan and Priyanka Chopra couldn’t agree over the allotting of songs from Dostana during the Filmfare awards.

Priyanka had ultimately opted out.

Says Kangana, “I think girl bonding is very cool. I can’t say Priyanka and I best friends. I think two actresses fighting is very unfashionable. After Fashion there’s a comfort level. And if we can share a platform without getting in one another’s way then isn’t that just great?”

Non-stop dancing for two back-to-back shows has taken its toll on Kangana Ranaut’s legs.

On Friday when she was scheduled to perform for an FM channel(98.5) Kangana’s legs could barely move.

Wincing in pain Kangana recounted her horror.”On Thursday I kept rehearsing non-stop for two shows for six hours. I never realized what I was putting myself through until the next morning when I woke up with swollen legs.”

Kangana somehow managed to drag herself to the show where she danced to her Fashion tracks.

Bangladesh to prosecute 1971 war crimes under existing law

Dhaka – Accused war criminals from Bangladesh’s 1971 war of independence from Pakistan are to be prosecuted under existing domestic law, a senior minister said Wednesday.

Those accused of collaborating with Pakistani troops in the atrocities of 38 years ago would be tried under the International Crimes Tribunals Act, passed two years after the liberation war, Shafiq Ahmed, the minister for law, justice and parliamentary affairs, told reporters at his office.

The announcement came a day ahead of the country’s independence and national day in line with Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wazed’s electoral pledge to try the war criminals.

After consultations and examinations of how to conduct the trials since it assumed office in early January, the government decided that the existing law was “good enough” to try the suspects, Shafiq said.

One or more tribunals made up of three to four members would be formed under the act for trials to be carried out as quickly as possible, he said.

He added that the process of bringing the suspects to trial is already under way, but he did not gave a date for beginning the tribunals.

The government this week barred suspected war criminals from travelling abroad.

In late January, Bangladesh’s Parliament approved a resolution seeking the speedy prosecution of war criminals in line with the ruling party’s promise.

According to historians, 3 million unarmed people were killed during Bangladesh’s war of independence against Pakistani forces in 1971, 200,000 women were violated and tens of thousands of homes were torched by Pakistani forces and their local collaborators.

An early initiative to prosecute war crimes was called off after the 1975 political changeover following the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the architect of Bangladesh’s independence and father of Bangladesh’s current prime minister.

The Bangladesh Sector Commander Forum, a group of 1971 war veterans, revealed last year that 11,000 indicted war criminals were released from jail a few months after Mujib’s assassination on August 15, 1975. (dpa)

Jayalalithaa accuses DMK and UPA for attack on Tamils in Sri Lanka

Chennai, Mar 9 (ANI): Former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa, who heads the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), accused United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and the Tamil Nadu Government for the genocidal attack on Tamils in Sri Lanka.

Jayalalithaa expressed these views in Chennai on Monday while addressing the media at a spot where she and her party volunteers undertook hunger strike as a mark of protest against Sri Lankan atrocities on Tamilians.

“The Congress-led UPA Government and its important constituent DMK are to be blamed for this ongoing genocide because they have been active collaborators by supplying arms, ammunitions, training equipments to the Sri Lankan armed forces and despite repeated appeals by all Tamil people not only from Tamil Nadu but all over the world. The DMK and the UPA have not done anything to bring this armed conflict to an end in Sri Lanka,” said Jayalalithaa.

“All this will definitely have an impact in the forthcoming elections and the results in Tamil Nadu will speak for them,” she added.

Reportedly, Sri Lankan government has plans to open two safe routes to let thousands of civilians trapped in a war zone escape, for which it has sought the help of the International Red Cross Society.

The United Nations has noted that there are around 200,000 persons trapped in the war zone, while the Sri Lankan authorities claim that the number is not more than 70,000. (ANI)

High-veggie diet ‘cuts prostate cancer risk’

Washington, Mar 7 (ANI): A diet high in vegetable intake can reduce the risk of prostate cancer (CaP), says a new study.

In the online edition of Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, Ruth Chan and collaborators suggested that the primary mechanism of the protective vegetable effect is antioxidant protection against DNA and cell damage.

Literature, which was already available, was identified for the study. Of the available studies, 29 were cohort studies, 69 case-control studies, and 4 randomised clinical trials.

Tomatoes and their byproducts contain the carotenoid antioxidant lycopene. Two cohort studies reported tomatoes decreased CaP risk and 3 cohort studies reported a non-significant association. For case-control studies, 2 showed significant decreased risk and 5 showed a non-significant association.One study suggested that the potential benefit was greater in advanced as compared to localized CaP. Overall, studies for tomatoes and lycopenes show inconsistent results on decreasing CaP risk, but lycopene based foods are probably protective.

Yellow orange vegetables contain the antioxidant ß-carotene. Data on ß-carotene and CaP risk from cohort and case-control studies were inconclusive for a protective effect.Supplemental use of ß-carotene was not shown to be protective. Flavonoids are a carbon structure compound ubiquitously present in plant foods and have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.

They may suppress angiogenesis, induction of apoptosis and down-regulation of hormone receptors expression. Overall there is some evidence suggesting that consumption of legumes, including soy and soy products, is protective against CaP.

Regarding vitamins, vitamin C has had limited study, but with the data available there is no evidence of a protective effect. (ANI)

Newfound moon may be source of Saturn’s G ring

Washington, March 4 (ANI): NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has found within Saturn’s G ring an embedded moonlet that appears as a faint, moving pinprick of light, which scientists believe is the main source of the G ring and its single ring arc.

Cassini imaging scientists analyzing images acquired over the course of about 600 days found the tiny moonlet, half a kilometer (about a third of a mile) across, embedded within a partial ring, or ring arc, previously found by Cassini in Saturn’s tenuous G ring.

“Before Cassini, the G ring was the only dusty ring that was not clearly associated with a known moon, which made it odd,” said Matthew Hedman, a Cassini imaging team associate at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y.

“The discovery of this moonlet, together with other Cassini data, should help us make sense of this previously mysterious ring,” he added.

Saturn’s rings were named in the order they were discovered. Working outward they are: D, C, B, A, F, G and E. The G ring is one of the outer diffuse rings.

Within the faint G ring there is a relatively bright and narrow, 250-kilometer-wide (150-miles) arc of ring material, which extends 150,000 kilometers (90,000 miles), or one-sixth of the way around the ring’s circumference.

The moonlet moves within this ring arc.

Scientists imaged the moonlet on August 15, 2008, and then they confirmed its presence by finding it in two earlier images.

They have since seen the moonlet on multiple occasions, most recently on Feb. 20, 2009.

The moonlet is too small to be resolved by Cassini’s cameras, so its size cannot be measured directly.

However, Cassini scientists estimated the moonlet’s size by comparing its brightness to another small Saturnian moon, Pallene.

Hedman and his collaborators also have found that the moonlet’s orbit is being disturbed by the larger, nearby moon Mimas, which is responsible for keeping the ring arc together.

This brings the number of Saturnian ring arcs with embedded moonlets found by Cassini to three. The new moonlet may not be alone in the G ring arc.

According to Carl Murray, a Cassini imaging team member and professor at Queen Mary, University of London, “The moon’s discovery and the disturbance of its trajectory by the neighboring moon Mimas highlight the close association between moons and rings that we see throughout the Saturn system”.

“Hopefully, we will learn in the future more about how such arcs form and interact with their parent bodies,” he added. (ANI)