Scientists find genes linked to testicular cancer

(Reuters) – British scientists have found three new genetic risk factors for testicular cancer, the most common form of the disease in young men, and say their findings should aid efforts for better treatments and earlier diagnosis.

Health

A research team led by the Institute of Cancer Research scanned the gene maps of almost 6,000 men, some with and some without testicular cancer, and found genetic variants in three genetic regions were significantly more common in the cancer patients.

“The genes located in these regions give us clues to the mechanisms by which testicular cancer develops,” said Nazneen Rahman, an ICR professor who worked on the study. “In time this may allow us to develop new treatment options.”

The team confirmed their findings by analyzing another 670 testicular cancer patients and 3,500 men without the disease.

The results, published in the journal Nature on Sunday, take the number of genetic regions associated with testicular cancer risk to six, after earlier studies identified others.

“This study represents further, important progress toward identifying men who are at increased genetic risk of testicular cancer,” said Clare Turnbull, who led the study.

“Finding those men at highest risk may allow early detection or prevention of the disease.”

Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men aged 15 to 45 years. It is considered one of the most treatable cancers because it usually responds well to chemotherapy, but survivors often have fertility problems after treatment.

The disease has a strong genetic component and men who have a brother affected by testicular cancer have an eight- to tenfold increased risk of developing the disease than men with no family history. These inheritance risks are much higher than in other cancer types, which are generally only two-fold.

The three genes identified by the British team are called TERT, ATF7IP and DMRT1.

Turnbull and colleagues explained in their study that TERT and ATF7IP were important in maintaining the correct length of the ends of chromosomes, which are called telomeres.

Shortened telomeres are known to occur in many cancers and genetic variants in TERT have already been linked to other cancers, including lung, bladder, cervical, pancreatic, skin and prostate cancer.

The third gene found in this study, DMRT1, plays an important role in sex determination and has been implicated in the development of testicular cancer in mice.

BioSante Announces FDA Orphan Drug Designation for GVAX Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cancer Vaccine

LINCOLNSHIRE, Ill.–(Business Wire)–
BioSante Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ:BPAX) today announced the receipt of
Orphan Drug designation for GVAX CML Vaccine in the treatment of chronic myeloid
leukemia (CML) from the FDA`s Office of Orphan Products Development. Orphan drug
designation, as granted by the U.S. Orphan Drug Act, is for a product to treat a
rare disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the U.S.
Orphan drug designation qualifies the sponsor of the product for tax credits and
seven years of marketing exclusivity, among other benefits.

The orphan drug designation for the GVAX CML Vaccine resulted from BioSante`s
third GVAX regulatory submission since acquiring this portfolio of cancer
vaccines in October 2009. This is the third orphan drug designation for
BioSante; the company also has received orphan drug designations for its
vaccines to treat pancreatic cancer and acute myeloid leukemia.

“We continue to develop our vaccine portfolio in cooperation with the Johns
Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center,” said Stephen M. Simes,
president and chief executive officer of BioSante. “Clinical trials of GVAX
cancer vaccines are being conducted to treat leukemia, pancreatic cancer and
breast cancer, among other cancer types. In addition, we recently announced
reinitiation of the GVAX Prostate cancer vaccine program.”

As previously reported, in a clinical study, the GVAX CML vaccine was
administered to 19 CML patients with measurable cancer cells, despite taking
Gleevec® for at least one year (range of 13-53 months). Each patient was given a
series of four vaccines administered in three-week intervals while remaining on
a stable dose of Gleevec. After a median of 72 months of follow-up, the number
of remaining cancer cells declined in 13 patients, eight of whom had increasing
disease burden before vaccination. Twelve patients reached their lowest levels
of residual cancer cells to date following vaccination. Seven CML patients had
complete remission. Patients receiving the GVAX CML vaccine experienced
relatively few side effects that included injection site pain and swelling,
occasional muscle aches and mild fevers.

The study was conducted by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center
in Baltimore, Maryland, led by Hyam Levitsky, M.D., professor of oncology,
medicine and urology at the Cancer Center. The research was funded by the
National Institutes of Health.

About BioSante Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

BioSante is a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on developing products
for female sexual health and oncology. BioSante`s lead products include LibiGel®
(transdermal testosterone gel) for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction
(FSD) which is in Phase III clinical development under a U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) Special Protocol Assessment, and Elestrin (estradiol gel)
for the treatment of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms associated with
menopause, which is marketed in the U.S. by Azur Pharma, BioSante`s licensee.
BioSante also is developing a portfolio of cancer vaccines (GVAX), three of
which have been granted orphan drug designation, and are currently in several
Phase II clinical trials. Other products in development are Bio-T-Gel, a
testosterone gel for male hypogonadism, licensed to Teva Pharmaceuticals and an
oral contraceptive in Phase II clinical development using BioSante patented
technology. The company also is developing its calcium phosphate technology
(CaP) for aesthetic medicine (BioLook), as a vaccine adjuvant, including for an
H1N1 (swine flu) vaccine, and drug delivery as well as seeking opportunities for
its 2A/Furin and other technologies. Additional information is available online
at: www.biosantepharma.com.

Forward-Looking Statements

To the extent any statements made in this news release deal with information
that is not historical, these are forward-looking statements under the Private
Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements include, but are not
limited to, statements about BioSante`s plans, objectives, expectations and
intentions with respect to future operations and products and other statements
identified by words such as “will,” “potential,” “could,” “can,” “believe,”
“intends,” “continue,” “plans,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “may,”
other words of similar meaning or the use of future dates.Forward-looking
statements by their nature address matters that are, to different degrees,
uncertain.Uncertainties and risks may cause BioSante`s actual results to be
materially different than those expressed in or implied by BioSante`s
forward-looking statements.For BioSante, particular uncertainties and risks
include, among others, the difficulty of developing pharmaceutical products,
obtaining regulatory and other approvals and achieving market acceptance; the
marketing success of BioSante`s licensees or sublicensees; the success of
clinical testing; and BioSante`s need for and ability to obtain additional
financing. More detailed information on these and additional factors that could
affect BioSante`s actual results are described in BioSante`s filings with the
Securities and Exchange Commission, including its most recent annual report on
Form 10-K and subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q.All forward-looking
statements in this news releasespeak only as of the date of this news
release.BioSante undertakes no obligation to update or revise any
forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events
or otherwise.

Gleevec® (imatinib mesylate) is marketed in the U.S. by and is a trademark of
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation.

For more information, please contact:
For Media:
McKinney/Chicago
Alan Zachary, 312-944-6784 ext. 316
azachary@mckinneychicago.com
or
For Investors:
The Trout Group LLC
Tricia Swanson, 617-583-1306
tswanson@troutgroup.com

Copyright Business Wire 2010

Men with asthma and eczema ‘at reduced cancer risk’

Washington, May 12 (ANI): Allergic conditions such as asthma and eczema that result from a hyper reactive immune system might enhance the body’s ability to remove malignant cells, which might in turn lower cancer risk, say researchers.

The researchers published their finding in Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, the scientific journal of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI).

“Allergic conditions such as asthma and eczema that result from a hyper reactive immune system might enhance the body’s ability to remove malignant cells, which might in turn lower cancer risk,” said Mariam El-Zein, PhD, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, lead author of the article. “In our study, men with asthma had lower odds of getting stomach cancer and those with eczema had lower odds of developing lung cancer, when compared to men who did not have these conditions.”

The population-based case-control study was conducted in Montreal, Québec over a seven-year period among 3,300 male cancer patients and a control group of 500. Odds ratios were calculated for the association between asthma or eczema and more than 20 cancer types combined, as well as for each of eight common cancer types (stomach, colon, rectum, lung, prostate, bladder, skin and lymph nodes).

“We cannot fully explain why allergic conditions can decrease cancer risk but this research is promising,” said allergist Jonathan Bernstein, MD, Fellow of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. “We hope future studies continue to explore this connection and the role the immune system plays in reducing cancer risk.” (ANI)

Types Of Cancer | Types Of Cancer List | Cancer List | Common Cancer Types | Common Cancer Types List | All Types Of Cancer | All Types Of Cancer List

Types Of Cancer | Types Of Cancer List | Cancer List | Common Cancer Types | Common Cancer Types List | All Types Of Cancer | All Types Of Cancer List

Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems.

Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which they start – for example, cancer that begins in the colon is called colon cancer; cancer that begins in basal cells of the skin is called basal cell carcinoma.

Common Cancer Types :

* Bladder Cancer
* Breast Cancer
* Colon and Rectal Cancer
* Endometrial Cancer
* Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer
* Leukemia
* Lung Cancer
* Melanoma
* Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
* Pancreatic Cancer
* Prostate Cancer
* Skin Cancer
* Thyroid Cancer

For Information About Cancer Website : http://www.cancer.gov

For More Information About All Cancer Types Website : http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/alphalist

Over-expressed protein may make non-invasive breast cancer invasive

Washington, Sep 9 (ANI): An over-expressed protein can convert active but non-invasive breast cancer into a different cell type, and thereby turn it into invasive breast cancer, according to scientists at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.

The researchers say that overexpression of the protein 14-3-3? (zeta) launches a molecular cascade that removes bonds that tie the pre-malignant cells together, and hold them in place, converting them from stationary epithelial cells to highly mobile mesenchymal-like cells.

This epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is recognized as a crucial step in metastasis, the spread of cancer to distant organs that causes 90 percent of all cancer deaths.

“We have discovered a key molecular mechanism for the deadly transition of non-invasive breast cancer into invasive disease,” said senior author Dr. Dihua Yu.

The researchers have shown that the zeta protein teams up with the oncoprotein ErbB2, also known as HER2, in a two-hit process to convert normal mammary cells to invasive cancer cells.

The findings of the study also provided a biomarker in zeta to identify high-risk patients for more aggressive treatment before their noninvasive breast cancer converts to invasive disease.

The researchers also got new therapeutic targets among the components of the molecular pathway launched by zeta.

According to Yu, some drugs already aim at these targets.

In addition, they found a solution to a puzzling mystery about how a subset of non-invasive breast cancer with excessive presence of an ErbB2/HER2 develops into invasive breast cancer.

Earlier, the researchers showed that zeta is over-expressed in many other cancer types, like lung, liver, uterine, stomach cancers.

“Our findings might have broader implications relating to the mechanism of invasion and metastasis in other types of cancer,” Yu said.

The researchers said that it would be very challenging to target zeta by drugs because it also regulates other important proteins in normal cellular processes.

The study has been published in the journal Cancer Cell. (ANI)

‘Chemical nose’ can sniff out cancer

Washington. June 23 (ANI): Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst have developed a ‘chemical nose’ that can sniff out cancer.

The revolutionary tool contains an array of nanoparticles and polymers that differentiate not only between healthy and cancerous cells but also between metastatic and non-metastatic cancer cells.

Currently, detecting cancer via cell surface biomarkers has taken what’s known as the “lock and key” approach.

However, this method includes foreknowledge of the biomarker.

“Our new method uses an array of sensors to recognize not only known cancer types, but it signals that abnormal cells are present,” said chemist Vincent Rotello, who conducted the research with cancer specialist Joseph Jerry.

“That is, the chemical nose can simply tell us something isn’t right, like a ‘check engine light,’ though it may never have encountered that type before,” he added.

Further, the chemical nose can be designed to alert doctors of the most invasive cancer types, those for which early treatment is crucial.

The study conducted using four human cancer cell lines (cervical, liver, testis and breast), as well as in three metastatic breast cell lines, and in normal cells showed that the new detection technique correctly indicated not only the presence of cancer cells in a sample but also identified primary cancer vs. metastatic disease.

Rotello’s research team, with colleagues at the Georgia Institute of Technology, designed the new detection system by combining three gold nanoparticles that have special affinity for the surface of chemically abnormal cells, plus a polymer known as PPE, or para-phenyleneethynylene.

As the ‘check engine light,’ PPE fluoresces or glows when displaced from the nanoparticle surface.

The study appears in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences online. (ANI)

Folic acid supplements ‘raise prostate cancer risk’

Washington, Mar 11 (ANI): Men who take daily folic acid supplements are at an increased risk of developing prostate cancer, warns a new study.

According to researchers at the University of Southern California (USC), men who consume a daily folic acid supplement of 1 mg daily are more than twice the risk of prostate cancer.

The finding came from a secondary analysis of the Aspirin/Folate Polyp Prevention Study (AFPP), a placebo-controlled randomized trial to determine the impact of aspirin and folic acid on colon polyps in men and women who were at high risk for the disease.

Folic acid (folate) is a B vitamin found in many vegetables, beans, fruits and whole grains. While evidence of its ability to reduce neural tube defects in infants while taken by the mother before or during pregnancy has been well documented, its effects on other conditions are unclear.

“We know that adequate folate levels are important in the prevention of several cancer types, cardiovascular and neurological diseases,” says lead author Jane Figueiredo, Ph.D., assistant professor of preventive medicine at the Keck School of Medicine of USC.

“However, little has been known about its role in prostate cancer. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between folic acid supplements and dietary folate and risk of prostate cancer,” the expert added.

The study was conducted between 1994 and 2006 and found that aspirin reduced the risk of colon polyps while folic acid had a negative effect and increased the risk of advanced and multiple polyps. The first analysis did not address the impact of folic acid supplements on prostate cancer risk.

In the secondary analysis, researchers looked at prostate cancer incidence among 643 men who were randomly assigned to 1 mg daily folic acid supplements or placebo in the study and who enrolled in an extended follow-up study.

The estimated prostate cancer risk was 9.7 percent at 10 years in men assigned to folate, compared with 3.3 percent in men assigned to placebo.

By contrast, dietary folate intake and plasma folate showed a trend toward reduced risk of prostate cancer, although the difference did not reach statistical significance.

It remains unclear why dietary and circulating folate among non-multivitamin users may be inversely associated with risk, Figueiredo says.

The study has been published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. (ANI)

Cancer cure may be available within five years, say researchers

London, March 9 (ANI): Researchers in London have discovered a way to stop cancer cells from spreading, which may prevent about 90 per cent patients.

Scientists at the Institute of Cancer Research, a constituent college of the University of London, say that rather than concentrating on stopping the formation on tumours, they focussed on singling out the enzyme that allows cancer to spread throughout the body.

The researchers say that their groundbreaking study led to the discovery that an enzyme called LOX is crucial in promoting the spread of the disease throughout a patient’s body.

Lead researcher Dr. Janine Erler said called her team’s discovery “the crucial missing piece in the jigsaw we have been searching for”.

She claimed that her team was the first to have identified any such key enzyme.

“This discovery provides real hope that we can -develop a drug to fight it. If we can interrupt the body’s ability to prepare new locations for the cancer to spread to, we can prevent metastasis,” the Daily Express quoted her as saying.

While studying breast cancer in mice, Janine’s team have found that in the absence of the LOX enzyme, full name lysyl oxidase, new environments in the body would be too hostile for the cancer to grow.

The research group, which includes scientists from Stanford University in America, are confident that it will apply to humans and other cancer types.

Janine and her colleagues now plant to use their findings to develop drugs that can block this enzyme.

She hopes that this discovery will lead to a potential new treatment for cancer within five years. (ANI)

Scientists identify enzyme behind cancer spread

London, Mar 8 (ANI): Institute of Cancer Research scientists claim that they have found an enzyme which is responsible for cancer spread.

Cancer Cell journal reported that boffins have discovered a way to stop cancer spreading to other parts of the body after finding enzyme called LOX.

According to researchers, LOX is crucial in promoting metastasis.

Cancer metastasis, where the cancer spreads from its original location, is known to be responsible for 90percent of cancer-related deaths.

To reach the conclusion, researchers studied breast cancer in mice – but are confident that their findings will apply to humans with other cancer types too.

LOX (lysyl oxidase) works by sending out signals to prepare a new area of the body for the cancer to set up a camp. Without this preparation process the new environment would be too hostile for the cancer to grow.

Lead researcher Dr Janine Erler explained the discovery as “the crucial missing piece in the jigsaw that scientists have been searching for.”

She said it was the first time one key enzyme has been identified as responsible for effectively allowing the cancer to spread.

“If we can interrupt the body’s ability to prepare new locations for the cancer to spread to, we can effectively prevent cancer metastasis. Cancer metastasis is very difficult to treat and this new discovery provides real hope that we can develop a drug which will fight the spreading of cancer,” The BBC quoted her, as saying. (ANI)