Britain polls: Cleggmania fails to convert into votes

London, May 7 (IANS) The charismatic Nick Clegg, leader of the Liberal Democrats, witnessed a huge surge in popularity during campaigning, but that doesn’t seem to have translated into votes in the British general election.

The Liberal Democrats now admit that Cleggmania had not translated into a significant number of votes for the party, The Guardian reported Friday.

There had been ‘premature election speculation’, said Nick Clegg’s chief of staff Danny Alexander, who accused the Conservatives of thinking ‘that they should somehow inherit power’.

Exit polls released after polling stations closed Thursday evening predicted a hung parliament, in which neither of Britain’s two main parties would gain an overall majority.

The exit polls, based on surveys of 18,000 voters, showed a disappointing outcome for the Liberal Democrats, whose leader Nick Clegg had been declared the undisputed star of the four-week election campaign.

Liberal Democratic aides claimed they fell prey to a ‘classic two-party squeeze’.

Lembit Opik, one of the party’s most high-profile MPs, lost his seat to the Tories in Montgomeryshire.

One Liberal Democrat admitted that the scenario was not good, saying they thought voters appeared to have been convinced by fears about hung parliaments.

‘(Nick) Clegg always said the people will be the kingmaker – not the exit polls.

‘In 1992 when it was very tight they were wildly out… If there’s a balanced parliament, I am sure the Lib Dems will be play their full role and it will be based on more seats than your exit poll is suggesting,’ said Simon Hughes, the Liberal Democrat climate change spokesman.

Ed Davey, the foreign affairs spokesman, said: ‘What we want if there is a balanced parliament is that financial stability is the bedrock of the parliament that emerges.’

Hot Rap Tracks for the 4/10/2010 issue

Now Last Weeks Peak

1 1 15 1 Say Something – Timbaland Featuring Drake (/Interscope)

2 3 10 2 Nothin’ On You – B.o.B Featuring Bruno Mars (/Atlantic)

3 2 20 1 BedRock – Young Money Featuring Lloyd (/UMRG)

4 4 20 2 How Low – Ludacris (/IDJMG)

5 5 6 5 My Chick Bad – Ludacris Featuring Nicki Minaj (/IDJMG)

6 8 4 6 Over – Drake (/Universal Motown)

7 6 22 6 Steady Mobbin’ – Young Money Featuring Gucci Mane (/UMRG)

8 9 10 8 Lemonade – Gucci Mane (/Warner Bros.)

9 10 17 7 O Let’s Do It – Waka Flocka Flame (/Warner Bros.)

10 7 13 5 On To The Next One – Jay-Z + Swizz Beatz ()

The Billboard Hot 100 for the 4/10/2010 issue

Now Last Weeks Peak

1 1 7 1 Rude Boy – Rihanna (/IDJMG)

2 2 9 2 Nothin’ On You – B.o.B Featuring Bruno Mars (/Atlantic)

3 7 26 3 Hey, Soul Sister – Train ()

4 4 33 2 Need You Now – Lady Antebellum ()

5 3 18 3 Telephone – Lady Gaga Featuring Beyonce (/Interscope)

6 5 5 1 Break Your Heart – Taio Cruz Featuring Ludacris (/IDJMG)

7 6 17 1 Imma Be – The Black Eyed Peas ()

8 10 10 5 Baby – Justin Bieber Featuring Ludacris (/IDJMG)

9 8 18 2 BedRock – Young Money Featuring Lloyd (/Universal Motown)

10 9 25 1 TiK ToK – Ke$ha (/RMG)

11 12 16 8 In My Head – Jason Derulo (/Warner Bros.)

12 11 17 11 Carry Out – Timbaland Featuring Justin Timberlake (/Interscope)

13 13 20 9 Say Aah – Trey Songz Featuring Fabolous (/Atlantic)

14 14 22 2 Bad Romance – Lady Gaga (/Interscope)

15 18 17 15 Breakeven – The Script (/Epic)

16 15 12 7 Blah Blah Blah – Ke$ha Featuring 3OH!3 (/RMG)

17 16 16 6 How Low – Ludacris (/IDJMG)

18 20 25 18 All The Right Moves – OneRepublic (/Interscope)

19 19 17 17 According To You – Orianthi (/Interscope)

20 21 15 20 Whataya Want From Me – Adam Lambert (/RMG)

Research team all set to explore sacred Maya pools of Belize

Washington, September 14 (ANI): A team of expert divers, a geochemist and an archaeologist is all set to become the first to explore the sacred pools of the southern Maya lowlands in rural Belize.

The expedition, made possible with a grant from the National Geographic Society and led by a University of Illinois archaeologist, will investigate the cultural significance and environmental history and condition of three of the 23 pools of Cara Blanca, in central Belize.

Called ‘cenotes’, these groundwater-filled sinkholes in the limestone bedrock were treated as sacred sites by the Maya, according to University of Illinois archaeologist Lisa Lucero, who will lead the expedition next spring.

“Any openings in the earth were considered portals to the underworld, into which the ancient Maya left offerings,” said Lucero. “We know from ethnographic accounts that Maya collected sacred water from these sacred places, mostly from caves,” she added.

Studies of shallow lakes and cenotes in Mexico and Guatemala have found that the Maya also left elaborate offerings in the sacred lakes and pools.

Items found on the bottom of lakes in these regions include masks, bells, jade, human remains, figurines and ceramic vessels decorated with animals, plants and the gods of fertility and death.

“Diving the sacred pools of Cara Blanca, in central Belize, is necessary to determine if they have similar sacred qualities,” Lucero said.

“Once underwater, we will first have to cut out some of the jungle wood so that we can even reach the bottom,” said Patricia Beddows, a lecturer of earth and planetary sciences at Northwestern University and an expert diver who has explored cenotes on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico.

“After mapping for fragile Maya artifacts, we will also take water data and manually drill sediment cores,” she added.

“The sediment samples will provide a record of changes in surface and water conditions,” Beddows said.

“Were the Maya challenged by droughts in the area? Did the water quality suddenly go bad due to sulfur or other geologic factors? We hope these cenotes will provide a rich story of linked human and environmental conditions,” she said.

One of the three pools the researchers will explore has a substantial Maya structure on its edge, likely ceremonial.

Preliminary investigations of the structure conducted by archaeologist Andrew Kinkella, of Moorpark College, turned up a lot of jars and the fragments of jars.

“This could indicate that the site was important for collecting sacred water,” Lucero said. (ANI)

Ancient Indus Valley script communicated language, determines computer modeling

Washington, September 2 (ANI): A team of mathematicians and scientists has rejected claims that the Indus Valley people were functionally illiterate, by employing computer modeling to prove that the Harappan script communicated language.

In 2004, perhaps out of befuddlement and frustration, a group of scholars declared that the ancient Indus Valley script marked only rudimentary pictograms and that the people during the Harappan period were functionally illiterate.

According to a report in the TIME, that hypothesis, which caused a minor uproar in the world of Indus Valley researchers, was recently rejected by a team of mathematicians and computer scientists assembled from institutions in the US and India.

They employed computer modeling to prove that the Harappan script communicated language, and has reinvigorated attempts to crack what is one of the lingering puzzles of ancient history.

The group examined hundreds of Harappan texts and tested their structure against other known languages using a computer program.

Every language, the scientists suggest, possesses what is known as “conditional entropy”: the degree of randomness in a given sequence.

In English, for example, the letter t can be found preceding a large variety of other letters, but instances of tx and tz are far more infrequent than th and ta.

“A written language comes about through this mix of built-in rules and flexible variables,” said Mayank Vahia, an astrophysicist at the Tata Institute for Fundamental Research in Mumbai who worked on the study.

Quantifying this principle through computer probability tests, the scientists determined that the Harappan script had a similar measure of conditional entropy to other writing systems, including English, Sanskrit and Sumerian.

If it mathematically looked and acted like writing, they concluded, then surely it is writing.

But this is just a first step. Vahia and his colleagues hope to piece together a solid grammar from the sea of impenetrable Indus signs.

Their August research paper charted the likelihood of certain characters appearing in parts of a text – for example, a fish sign appeared most frequently in the middle of a sequence and a U-shaped jar sign toward the end.

Bit by bit, the structure of the script is coming into view.

“We want to find the bedrock against which all further interpretation of the language should be checked,” said Vahia.

Down the road, he imagines he could write in “flawless Harappan” – even though he may have no idea what the assembled sequences would mean. (ANI)

Scientists propose Antarctic location for ice sheet that went missing 34 mln yrs ago

Washington, August 26 (ANI): A new research by scientists at UC (University of California) Santa Barbara indicates a possible Antarctic location for ice that seemed to be missing at a key point in climate history 34 million years ago.

“Using data from prior geological studies, we have constructed a model for the topography of West Antarctic bedrock at the time of the start of the global climate transition from warm ‘greenhouse’ earth to the current cool ‘icehouse’ earth some 34 million years ago,” explained Douglas S. Wilson, first author and an associate research geophysicist with UCSB’s Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute.

Wilson and his co-author, Bruce Luyendyk, a professor in the Department of Earth Science, discovered that, contrary to most current models for bedrock elevations of West Antarctica, the bedrock in the past was of much higher elevation and covered a much larger area than today.

Current models assume that an archipelago of large islands existed under the ice at the start of the climate transition, similar to today, but Wilson and Luyendyk found that does not fit their new model.

In fact, the authors state that the land area above sea level of West Antarctica was about 25 percent greater in the past.

The existing theory leaves West Antarctica in a minor role in terms of the ice accumulation beginning 34 million years ago.

Ice sheet growth on earth is believed to have developed on the higher and larger East Antarctic subcontinent while West Antarctica joined the process later around 14 million years ago.

“But a problem exists with leaving West Antarctica out of the early ice history,” said Wilson.

“From other evidence, it is believed that the amount of ice that grew on earth at the 34 million year climate transition was too large to be accounted for by formation on East Antarctica alone, the most obvious location for ice sheet growth. Another site is needed to host the extra missing ice,” he said.

The new study, by showing that West Antarctica had a higher elevation 34 million years ago than previously thought, reveals a possible site for the accumulation of the early ice that is unaccounted for.

“Preliminary climate modeling by researchers at Pennsylvania State University demonstrates that this new model of higher elevation West Antarctica bedrock topography can indeed host the missing ice,” said Luyendyk.

“Our results, therefore, have opened up a new paradigm for the history of the growth of the great global ice sheets. Both East and West Antarctica hosted the growing ice,” he added. (ANI)

Terry demands showdown talks with Chelsea owner Abramovich

London, July 8 (ANI): England and Chelsea captain John Terry is demanding showdown talks with club owner Roman Abramovich over his future.

According to The Sun, Terry is furious nobody at the club has spoken to him since Manchester City tabled a 30-million-pound bid last week.

Terry, 28, feels insulted by the Stamford Bridge silence.

“It’s unbelievable – even though he’s the club captain and one of the Blues’ most important players, senior management at the club haven’t once tried to talk to him. John wants to know what’s going on and, more importantly, whether Chelsea actually want to keep him or cash in while they have a chance,” an insider said.

Terry takes home 20,000-pounds-a-week less than his England teammate Frank Lampard (151,000-pounds-a-week).

Big-spending City are prepared to give the Three Lions skipper the wages he believes he deserves and are desperate to make him the bedrock of their new-look side.

Terry has played 272 games for Chelsea and scored 17 goals in 11 senior years at the club. (ANI)

America may be hit hardest by collapse of West Antarctic Ice Sheet

Washington, May 15 (ANI): A new study has suggested that a total or partial collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) as a result of global warming would lead to levels on the US seaboards to rise 25 percent more than the global average and threaten cities like New York, Washington, D.C., and San Francisco.

The western ice sheet in Antarctica, known as WAIS, is of particular interest to scientists due to its inherent instability, a result of large areas of the continent’s bedrock lying below sea level.

“There’s a vast body of research that’s looked at the likelihood of a WAIS collapse and what implications such a catastrophic event would have for the globe,” said Jonathan Bamber, lead author of the study.

“But all of these studies have assumed a 5-meter to 6-meter contribution to sea level rise. Our calculations show those estimates are much too large, even on a thousand-year timescale,” he added.

Bamber and his colleagues found a WAIS collapse would only raise sea levels by 3.3 meters, or about 11 feet.

The study authors used models based on glaciological theory to simulate how the massive ice sheet likely would respond if the floating ice shelves fringing the continent broke free.

Vast ice shelves currently block WAIS from spilling into the Weddell and Ross seas, limiting total ice loss to the ocean.

According to theory, if these floating ice shelves were removed, sizeable areas of WAIS would essentially become undammed, triggering an acceleration of the ice sheet toward the ocean and a rapid inland migration of the grounding line.

If such a large mass of ice steadily melted over 500 years, as has been suggested in earlier studies, it would add about 6.5 millimeters or a quarter of an inch per year to sea level rise – about twice the current rate due to all sources.

“Interestingly, the pattern of sea level rise is independent of how fast or how much of the WAIS collapses,” said Bamber.

“Even if the WAIS contributed only a meter of sea level rise over many years, sea levels along North America’s shorelines would still increase 25 percent more than the global average,” he added.
With less mass at the South Pole, Earth’s gravity field would weaken in the Southern Hemisphere and strengthen in the Northern Hemisphere, causing water to pile up in the northern oceans.

This redistribution of mass also would affect Earth’s rotation, which in turn would cause water to build up along the North American continent and in the Indian Ocean. (ANI)

Termites can help miners locate gold, diamond reserves

Melbourne, May 8 (ANI): Termites could easily be called a miner’s best friend, for a researcher has said that these insects can help locate gold and diamond reserves saving both money and time.

Geoscientist Anna Petts, who has made this finding as part of her PhD research, says that local villagers in Africa are known to pan soil from termites mounds to recover gold nuggets up to 1 centimetre in size.

“If you can walk there and take termite samples to check whether it really is worth coming through with bigger equipment, then it would save a lot of time and money for a lot of companies,” ABC News quoted Petts as saying.

Petts points out that mining companies usually rely on remote sensing and surface sampling of sediment to determine where to sink their exploratory drills.

However, sediment on the surface is often spread by weathering and cannot be a reliable predictor of what lies beneath the surface.

Besides, drilling is one of the biggest costs to mining, and thus researchers have been on the look out for more reliable methods of deciding where to drill in the first place.

And that’s when termites come to the rescue, according to Petts, who said that termites dig up to 30 metres below the surface to collect damp soil and other material with which they build their mounds.

She also said that diamond minerals such as garnet have also been found in termite mounds in the Kalahari desert, where there is up to 100 metres of sand between the diamond-containing bedrock and the surface.

Currently, Petts is studying whether termites in Australia could help the mining industry, for which she examined termite mounds in the Tanami desert in Central Australia where the mineral content already known.

“Usually I take about a 500 gram to 1 kilogram sample of the outer nets wall … put it in a plastic bag and take it back into lab for analysis, said Petts.

She said that damage to the mounds is minimal and repaired quickly by termites.

Till date, her results have shown the termite mounds show what lies beneath.

“Often the minerals that we found in the mounds weren’t present at the surface, but were present deeper in the profile from the actual bedrock – 20 or 30 metres down,” said Petts

Petts is now hoping to test the technique on unexplored areas.

The research has been published by the Geological Society. (ANI)

US incapable of protecting Australia anymore, says Rudd

Sydney, May 2 (ANI): Acknowledging that the supremacy of the United States has begun to fade, Australia’s new defense plan prepares the country’s forces to be less reliant on America.

In a fundamental shift in defense plans, the Kevin Rudd Government has clearly stated that US primacy in the Asia-Pacific – the bedrock of the nation’s security since World War II – may be ending.

A 20-year defense blueprint predicts that the rise of new great powers such as China, is set to produce growing regional tensions and a “sudden deterioration” in Australia’s security.

The plan prepares for a multibillion-dollar build-up of naval and air forces to ensure that Australia can defend its northern and sea approaches.

The blueprint further says that a regional shake-up is under way, but US supremacy will not be blunted before 2030, and assesses the chances of an attack on Australia in the short term as “very remote”.

The white paper called, ‘Defending Australia In The Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030′, is the first since 2000 and outlines a range of security threats, including instability caused by the financial crisis, cyber warfare, failed states in the Pacific, Islamist terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, and climate change.

“Australia must ensure it can protect itself amid an emerging range of great powers in the region – particularly China, India and Russia – which could lead to a “miscalculation” with disturbing consequences for Australia,” the Sydney Morning Herald quoted the defense plan, as saying.

“That order is being transformed as economic changes start to bring about changes in the distribution of strategic power. Risks resulting from escalating strategic competition could emerge quite unpredictably,” it added

The Minister for Defence, Joel Fitzgibbon, said the world faced “the beginning of the end” of the unquestioned dominance of Australia’s principal ally since the Cold War. (ANI)

India to promote bilateral ties with Spain in all fields : President Patil

Madrid, Apr 21 (ANI): President Pratibha Patil on Tuesday said India will seek to promote ties with Spain in all fields, including political, trade and investment, cooperation in mutually beneficial areas like renewable energy, agriculture and tourism.

In response to the welcome remarks by President of Congress, here, Patil said that bilateral relations between India and Spain have always been cordial and have gained momentum in recent years.

“We whole-heartedly support this trend. My visit to Spain is an expression of the importance that India attaches to a strong relationship with Spain,” the President said.

Informing that the bilateral relationship between India and Spain has been growing in all spheres – political, commercial and cultural, she said, “Both trade and investment flows need to be further bolstered. It is for this reason that I have a business delegation accompanying me. People-to-people contacts between us are increasing through more frequent travels between the two countries.”rade has grown five times to over US 4.5 billion dollars in 2008 from US 900 million dollars in 2000.

Terming the contribution of parliamentary institutions in this endeavour ‘crucial’, she said she was glad to learn that parliamentary delegations from both sides have exchanged visits.

“The President of your Senate had led a delegation to India about two years ago and our Minister for Parliamentary Affairs and Deputy Chairman of the Upper House had visited Spain shortly before that. Such parliamentary exchanges enable a better understanding of each other’s political processes. They need to be enhanced,” she added.

The President later said that both India and Spain are democratic states.

“The values that are the bedrock of our parliamentary system are tolerance, respect for diversity, freedom of expression and equality before the law. There is full participation of all citizens in the political, economic and cultural lives of our countries. Our representative institutions derive their power and authority from the people,” she said.

Giving example of the biggest democratic exercise, she said that we have had 14 national elections to Parliament since our country became independent in 1947, adding that “We are currently conducting the 15th general elections and would elect members to the Lok Sabha. Our election process is gigantic in scale.”

The President said that the democratic system in India has also been strengthened at the grassroots level.

“3.2 million persons out of which 1.2 million are women have been elected as representatives to institutions of local self-government in the villages and municipalities of India. This is by far the largest number of elected representatives ever in history, or anywhere in the contemporary orld,” she added. By Ravinder Singh Robin (ANI)

Scientists discover gigantic alp-like mountain range buried under Antarctic ice

Washington, Feb 25 (ANI): An international team of scientists has confirmed the existence of an European Alps-like mountain range in Antarctica, which is buried under more than four kilometers (2.5 miles) of ice.

The team has also created a detailed picture of the rugged landscape that is suspected to have caused the massive East Antarctic Ice Sheet to form.

“Working cooperatively in some of the harshest conditions imaginable, all the while working in temperatures that averaged -30 degrees Celsius, our seven-nation team has produced detailed images of last unexplored mountain range on Earth,” said Michael Studinger, of Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, the co-leader of the U.S. portion of the Antarctica’s Gamburstev Province (AGAP) project.

“As our two survey aircraft flew over the flat white ice sheet, the instrumentation revealed a remarkably rugged terrain with deeply etched valleys and very steep mountain peaks,” he added.

According to geophysicist Fausto Ferraccioli, of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), who led the U.K. science team, the initial AGAP findings, while extremely exciting, also raise additional questions about the role of the Gamburtsevs in birthing the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which extends over more than 10 million square kilometers atop the bedrock of Antarctica.

“We now know that not only are the mountains the size of the European Alps but they also have similar peaks and valleys,” he said. “But this adds even more mystery about how the vast East Antarctic Ice Sheet formed,” he added.

“If the ice sheet grew slowly, then we would expect to see the mountains eroded into a plateau shape. But, the presence of peaks and valleys could suggest that the ice sheet formed quickly. Our big challenge now is to dive into the data to get a better understanding of what happened millions of years ago,” he added.

The AGAP survey area covered roughly 2 million square kilometers of the ice sheet.

The AGAP data will help scientists to determine the origin of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet and the Gamburtsevs’ role in it.

It will also help them to understand the role the subglacial aquatic system plays in the dynamics of ice sheets, which will, in turn, help reduce scientific uncertainties in predictions of potential future sea level rise. (ANI)

Kamal Nath wants women reach highest levels

New Delhi, Feb 12 (ANI): Union Minister of Commerce and Industry Kamal Nath today said that there is a need to take affirmative action to ensure that women of India are encouraged to come to the fore in greater numbers in all walks of life including to the highest levels in the Public Sector Undertakings.

Speaking at the National Meet of the Forum of Women in Public Sector (WIPS): “Evolving the Blue Print of Change”, here, Nath said that the core of women empowerment lies in societal change.

“We need to speed up societal change whereby boys and girls are given equal opportunity to go to school, not only in the urban centres but also in the vast rural population of our country,” he added.

Interacting during the occasion, the Commerce Minister said that empowerment of women isn’t just taking place at the top of the economic pyramid, it is evolving at the bottom as well and added that women in rural India are now more empowered and independent to take decisions.

He further highlighted that India has created a decentralised administration system at the grassroot level for India’s 650,000 villages-known as the Panchayati Raj.

“There are now have over 2.2 million elected representatives in the Panchayats, and of them, a third are women-our Panchayats combine political empowerment with social empowerment-the bedrock of a successful democracy,” he added.

“We need to understand that countries that do not capitalise on the full potential of one half of their societies are misallocating their human resources and undermining their competitive potential,” he said.

The Minister further added that it is important that the Indian PSUs take more affirmative action and seek out deserving women with entrepreneurial and leadership qualities and develop them as ‘future business leaders’ of the public sector.” (ANI)

Collapse of West Antarctic Ice Sheet may pose threat to nations in southern Indian Ocean

Washington, Feb 6 (ANI): University of Toronto geophysicists have predicted that following the collapse of West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the coastlines of North America and of nations in the southern Indian Ocean will face the greatest threats from the resulting rising sea levels.

“There is widespread concern that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet may be prone to collapse, resulting in a rise in global sea levels,” said geophysicist Jerry X. Mitrovica, who, along with physics graduate student Natalya Gomez and Oregon State University geoscientist Peter Clark, are the authors of the new study.

“We’ve been able to calculate that not only will the rise in sea levels at most coastal sites be significantly higher than previously expected, but that the sea-level change will be highly variable around the globe,” said Gomez.

“Scientists are particularly worried about the ice sheet because it is largely marine-based, which means that the bedrock underneath most of the ice sits under sea level,” said Mitrovica.

“The West Antarctic is fringed by ice shelves which act to stabilize the ice sheet. These shelves are sensitive to global warming, and if they break up, the ice sheet will have a lot less impediment to collapse,” he added.

According to Mitrovica, if the West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapses, the rise in sea levels around many coastal regions will be as much as 25 per cent more than expected, for a total of between six and seven metres if the whole ice sheet melts.

“That’s a lot of additional water, particularly around such highly populated areas as Washington, D.C., New York City, and the California coastline,” he added.

“There is still some important debate as to how much ice would actually disappear if the West Antarctic Ice sheet collapses – some fraction of the ice sheet may remain quite stable,” said Mitrovica.

“But, whatever happens, our work shows that the sea-level rise that would occur at many populated coastal sites would be much larger than one would estimate by simply distributing the meltwater evenly,” he added. (ANI)

Obama greets India on its 60th Republic Day, says US is its friend, partner

Washington, Jan.26 (ANI): As India gets set to celebrate its 60th Republic Day on Monday; U.S. President Barack Obama termed it a natural ally of his country, and added that the Indians have no better friend and partner than the people of the United States.

“As the Indian people celebrate Republic Day all across India, they should know that they have no better friend and partner than the people of the United States. It is our shared values that form the bedrock of a robust relationship across peoples and governments,” said Obama in his message.

“Those values and ideals provide the strength that enables us to meet any challenge, particularly from those who use violence to try to undermine our free and open societies. I send the warmest greetings of the American people to the people of India. Together, we celebrate our shared belief in democracy, liberty, pluralism, and religious tolerance,” he further added.

“Our rapidly growing and deepening friendship with India offers benefits to all the world’s citizens as our scientists solve environmental challenges together, our doctors discover new medicines, our engineers advance our societies, our entrepreneurs generate prosperity, our educators lay the foundation for our future generations, and our governments work together to advance peace, prosperity, and stability around the globe,” his message concluded. (ANI)

Ancient grave proves Istanbul is 6,000 years older than previously thought

London, Jan 11 (ANI): Archaeologists in Istanbul have discovered a grave that proves the city is 6,000 years older than they previously thought.

According to a report by BBC News, the grave, which revealed an ancient family, was unearthed at the site of a 21st Century rail project.

Digging through thick mud and an ancient swamp of black clay, archaeologists discovered the skeletons of two adults and two children lying curled-up, perhaps to save space.

“We found the grave, pots and other artefacts. There were signs of houses made of tree-branches and next to the settlement was a swamp where we found small tools, wooden pieces and bones,” explained Ismail Karamut, head of the Istanbul Archaeology museum, which is leading the dig.

“It all shows there was a Neolithic settlement here in the historic peninsula of Istanbul where people lived, farmed and fished,” he added.

Earlier, historians believed that modern-day Istanbul was first settled around 700 BC. But, the discovery of the skeletons has revealed far deeper roots.

The Neolithic era, when man abandoned the nomadic, hunting lifestyle and settled to farm the land and raise cattle, began east of here, gradually carrying the foundations of “civilized” life west, to Europe.

The new find in Istanbul helps map that transition.

“Neolithic culture changed as it moved west. Not all of what we call the ‘Neolithic package’ was transferred,” explained Professor Mehmet Ozdogan of Istanbul University.

“Domesticated animals and some of the cereal crops came, but mud brick became wooden architecture, settlements were re-organized. The transformation is important to understand the Neolithic culture in Europe. Every new site adds data to the picture,” he added.

According to Professor Ozdogan, the Yenikapi settlement dates from between 6400 BC and 5800 BC, long before the Bosphorus Strait had formed and in the days when the Marmara Sea was a small, inland lake.

The Yenikapi dig has now reached bedrock, so archaeologists don’t expect any more major discoveries.

They are still working through piles of ancient swamp mud though, which has preserved some of the oldest wooden artifacts ever found. (ANI)