Social network history can reveal your identity

London, May 19 (ANI): When you enrol yourself as a member on a social networking site, may be revealing more than you bargained for, an experimental website has proved.

The website has managed to identify the names of people who visit it, by harvesting information about the groups they belong to.

And the trick could act as the biggest tool for marketing teams and scammers.

The snooping site exploits the fact that your web browser keeps track of which web addresses you have visited.

Website owners can collect this information by hiding a list of web addresses in the code for their web page, reports New Scientist.

When someone accesses this page, their browser will tell the website owner which of the hidden addresses they have already visited.

Membership groups within social networks have distinct web addresses and the names of group members are publicly available.

Gilbert Wondracek at the Vienna University of Technology in Austria and his colleagues collected data on 6500 groups, containing 1.8 million users, on Xing, a business-oriented social network based in Hamburg, Germany.

On analysing the overlap between membership lists they estimated that 42 per cent of users could be uniquely identified by the groups they visit.

The researchers then built a website that read visitors” history of browsing Xing addresses.

When they asked 26 friends and colleagues who use Xing to try it, they were able to identify 15 of them.

Since Wondracek”s experiment, Xing has started adding random numbers to the addresses used to access its membership groups.

The Xing server ignores the extra numbers, but they confuse attacks by a site like Wondracek”s.

More complete protection may come in the next round of browser updates. The developers of Firefox, Chrome and Safari are working on fixes that will prevent browsing history being relayed back to website owners.

The study was presented at the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy in Oakland, California. (ANI)

Burglars threatened to take Gerrard’s kids away

London, May 15 (ANI): Burglars warned the wife of England footballer Steven Gerrard that they would take her kids in a terrifying raid on their home.

The Liverpool Crown Court was told that Alex Curran confronted the masked gang, who demanded she hand over jewellery and the contents of a safe.

Details of the ordeal emerged after Martin Wilson, 22, changed his plea and admitted the burglary following legal arguments, The Telegraph reports.

Graham Pickavance, for the prosecution, told the court the robbery took place in December 2007 as the Reds captain led his team to victory in a Champions League game against Marseille.

Curran, 27, had remained at the home in Formby, Merseyside, with their two children, Lilly-Ella and Lexie, now aged six and four, and their nanny Lyndsey Johnston.

Pickavance described the mansion as secured by high walls, a fence and electronically controlled gates, The Telegraph reports.

Police caught up with Wilson by analysing the use of his mobile phone, the court heard.

The defendant is serving six years and eight months in jail after admitting conspiracy to burgle at Liverpool Crown Court last June, The Telegraph reports. (ANI)

Single gene behind essential tremor, Parkinson’s disease identified

Washington, September 2 (ANI): A single gene promotes development of essential tremor in some patients and Parkinson’s disease in others has been identified by an international team of researchers.

In a study report published in Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, Mayo Clinic researchers in Florida and their collaborators worldwide note that patients with essential tremor shake when they move, while those with Parkinson’s disease shake when they are at rest.

They further state that a variant in LINGO1, a gene involved in neuronal survival, is the first proven evidence of a common genetic component in the development of both disorders.

Analysing their findings, the researchers have come to the conclusion that mutations in this gene are potentially responsible for five percent of patients with Parkinson’s disease, and five percent of patients with essential tremor.

Lead researcher Dr. Carles Vilarino-Guell, of Mayo Clinic, said: “There is a mutation in the gene that must be causing or contributing to Parkinson’s disease in some people and essential tremor in others.”

He, however, added that that did not mean that people with essential tremor have an increased risk of developing Parkinson’s disease.

The findings are intriguing because “although essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease are considered to be different diseases, researchers have been arguing for a long time about whether essential tremor is a milder, preliminary form of Parkinson’s disease, and they have been looking for the genetic connection between these disorders,” he said.

“Now we know LINGO1 is the first gene identified,” he added.

The scientists have yet to identify any specific mutation or mutations on LINGO1 responsible for either disorder.

“The easiest explanation is that there are two separate and clearly distinct mutations in the gene contributing to the disorders. But because this gene doubles the risk of developing either disease and it is found at the same frequency in both diseases, it is possibly the same mutation,” Dr. Vilarino-Guell said.

“Both diseases are also affected by environmental factors, and that may influence which disorder a person would be more likely to develop,” he added. (ANI)

Swine flu virus may be as lethal as the one found in the 1957 pandemic

Washington, May 12 (ANI): Scientists say that the new strain of influenza A (H1N1), which is said to be behind the swine flu cases reported in Mexico, may be as lethal as the one found in the 1957 pandemic.

Imperial College London researchers came to this conclusion after analysing the pandemic potential of swine flu in collaboration with the World Health Organisation and public health agencies in Mexico.

The researchers’ best estimate is that in Mexico, influenza A (H1N1) is fatal in around 4 in 1,000 cases, which suggests that it may be as lethal as the influenza strain found in the 1957 pandemic.

The epidemic of influenza A (H1N1) presumably started in Mexico on February 15, and the data suggests that by the end of April, around 23,000 people were infected with the virus in Mexico. The researchers point out that 91 of those died as a result of infection.

However, the figures are uncertain because some mild cases might have gone unreported.

According to the researchers, the numbers infected could be as low as 6,000 people or as high as 32,000 people.

They say that the uncertainty around the numbers of people who have been infected with influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico means that the case fatality ratio (CFR) of 0.4 per cent, that is 4 deaths per 1000 infected persons, cannot be definitely established.

While the CFR is currently in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 per cent, the researchers believe that 0.4 per cent is the most likely.

The team say for every person infected, it is likely that there will be between 1.2 and 1.6 secondary cases, which is high as compared to normal seasonal influenza in which around 10-15 per cent of the population are likely to become infected.

However, it is lower than would be expected for pandemic influenza, where 20-30 percent of the population are likely to become infected.

Analysing an outbreak in an isolated village called La Gloria in Mexico, the researchers also observed that children were twice as likely to become infected as adults, with 61 per cent of those aged under 15 becoming infected, compared with 29 per cent of those over 15.

Based on that observation, the researchers surmise that adults have some degree of immunity against infection because of having been previously infected with a related strain of influenza, or it may mean that children are more susceptible to infection because they interact much more closely together, such as in school, than adults.

Professor Neil Ferguson, the corresponding author of today’s research from the MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling at Imperial College London, said:

“Our study shows that this virus is spreading just as we would expect for the early stages of a flu pandemic. So far, it has been following a very similar pattern to the flu pandemic in 1957, in terms of the proportion of people who are becoming infected and the percentage of potentially fatal cases that we are seeing.”

Furguson added: “What we’re seeing is not the same as seasonal flu and there is still cause for concern – we would expect this pandemic to at least double the burden on our healthcare systems. However, this initial modelling suggests that the H1N1 virus is not as easily transmitted or as lethal as that found in the flu pandemic in 1918,” added Professor Ferguson.” (ANI)

Salmonella from space providing clues to making food poisoning vaccine

Melbourne, Apr 16 (ANI): Analysing a batch of bacteria brought back by the shuttle Discovery crew last month, scientists could soon develop a vaccine against food poisoning from salmonella bacteria.

The researchers conducted a series of experiments aboard the International Space Station, and are now working to develop compounds for a salmonella vaccine

While previous studies showed that salmonella could become more virulent in weightlessness, further research proved that its virulence could be controlled, toggled on and off like a switch.

Station program scientist Dr. Julie Robinson has revealed that studies in this regard began only because NASA feared that its astronauts could be more susceptible to food poisoning in space due to their weakened immune systems, resulting from microgravity.

Later, the researchers found that microgravity changes salmonella itself, which could provide insight into a new way to possibly control the bacteria on earth.

“Given that salmonella is among the leading causes of food-borne pathogens, one of the disappointments of the 21st century is that we don’t have a vaccine,” ABC Science quoted Arizona State University’s Dr Cheryl Nickerson as saying.

Nickerson heads one of the research teams investigating salmonella in space, which identified genetic changes in space-borne salmonella that made the bacteria more virulent than identical samples on earth.

And as the environment inside the intestines is similar to weightlessness, the researchers believe that the study could give rise to a vaccine and other treatments for food poisoning.

Last year, a second series of salmonella investigations flew aboard the space station.

Led by Professor Timothy Hammond at the Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center in North Carolina, the research is aimed at developing a vaccine based on the genetic changes seen in the space-borne bacteria. (ANI)

What Americans will look like in another 50 years

Washington, March 27 (ANI): Whites, including Hispanic whites, are expected to comprise about 70 percent of the American population in 2050, according to a study.

University of Washington demographers say that their study contrasts last year’s mistaken reports that projected whites, as opposed to non-Hispanic whites, to be a minority in the U.S. by 2050.

After analysing 2000 census data, the researchers contended that because of the way the census was structured, many Hispanics or Latinos were eventually lumped into a category called “some other race”.

They said that so many were placed in that category that it was the third-largest group behind whites and blacks in the census, which led to the mistaken reports.

According to the researchers, the way people identify themselves in the United States is changing, and the way the federal census classifies them by race or ethnicity is not painting a clear portrait of America.

“The truth is many people probably can’t accurately report the origins of their ancestors,” said Anthony Perez, lead author of a new study and a UW post-doctoral fellow in sociology and the university’s Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology.

“We have a fair degree of knowledge about where our parents and grandparents came from. But with every generation the number of our ancestors doubles and it is difficult to know the ethnic and racial details of all of them.

Many people might have more ethnic or racial groups in their backgrounds than they imagine,” added Perez, whose co-author is Charles Hirschman, a UW professor of sociology and former president of the Population Association of America.

The researchers point out that most Americans, except for recent immigrants, probably descended from multiple geographic, ethnic and racial origins. They say that the U.S. was multi-ethnic and multi-racial from the start.

“With the exception of indigenous people, everyone came from somewhere else. They were immigrants. Frontier societies absorbed many indigenous people and we also have a long history of interracial unions between Americans of European and African descent. It is not just Barack Obama, but most of us are a bunch of ‘mutts’ from different cultures and backgrounds,” said Perez.

He described Americanization as the blending away of the specific ancestries that people brought with them.

He underscored the fact that Americanization generally begins with immigrants coming to the U.S., settling in neighbourhoods with their compatriots, and retaining their ethnic roots.

However, within a generation, the immigrants or their children learn English, intermarry with other Americans of different backgrounds, and their ancestral ties begin to fade.

The researcher further says that with several more generations, most Americans begin to lose track of their increasingly complex family trees.

According to him, this blending has dramatically transformed Native Americans and Hawaiian-Pacific Islanders, most of whom acknowledge multiracial heritage.

At the same time, very few whites and blacks acknowledge common ancestry on censuses and surveys.

“The low levels of racial mixture reported by whites and blacks represent an astounding loss of memory or a reluctance to acknowledge such mixing. One-fifth of African-Americans identified multiracial origins in the 1910 census and researchers think that number probably is low. Yet in Census 2000, just 2 percent of blacks and 0.4 percent of white acknowledge shared ancestry.

The blurring of memories over many generations, the stigma of race mixing and a long history of segregation and political polarization have probably contributed to the amnesia of shared ancestry among many white and black Americans,” said Perez.

“Whites are notoriously inconsistent about the specifics of ethnic identity. We don’t put a lot of stock in their answers because they often change their minds on follow-up questions. There also is inconsistency between parents and their children. The majority of whites have multiple ancestries and some will pick theirs on the basis of cuisine, a favorite relative or trends. And who isn’t Irish on St. Patrick’s Day?” he said.

Perez is not sure as to what Americans will look like in another 50 years.

He said: “The future face of America is uncertain. It’s like predicting the weather 50 years from now. If current rates of intermarriage continue, there is likely to be continued blurring of race and ethnic divisions. Even the race and ethnic categories used in the census may change, as they have in the past. For Asians and Hispanics, there is likely to be continued blending, as with previous generations of immigrants.”

He added: “If intermarriage between blacks and whites continues to increase in the coming year, perhaps there will be greater acknowledgement of their shared ancestry. But this will likely depend also on how well we bridge the social and economic gaps between groups.”

The study appears in the journal Population and Development Review. (ANI)

Flower wants to become England team director

London, Feb 21 (ANI): Former Zimbabwe opener and assistant coach of the England cricket team, Andy Flower, wants to become the new team director and help solve the puzzle of why they cannot win Test matches.

Flower has decided to apply for the job made vacant by the sacking of his friend Peter Moores.

ECB chiefs on Friday launched their quest for the new man by advertising the 300,000 pound-a-year post and upgrading the title from head coach to team director.

If Flower is chosen and he is a serious contender with the backing of captain Andrew Strauss, he will have two immediate tasks.

Analysing why England struggle to bowl out opponents on the final day of matches and deciding whether injury-prone Andrew Flintoff can play in the Indian Premier League at the start of an Ashes summer.

Flintoff will hear the results today of the scan on the suspected torn muscle in his right hip and fears he could be out the rest of the tour.

Flower rejected the title of interim coach on this tour and instead stuck with his role of assistant coach. But it is clear he and Strauss are running team affairs.

“I might apply for the job of team director. I’ve really enjoyed doing it so far. In my favour, I have my experience as a Test cricketer and the fact I have been involved with these guys now for almost two years,” Flower said.

“I believe I can help gel a unit together. The captain and I get on well and I’m pleased with the response I’ve had from the players,” he added. (ANI)

Winter babies ‘are less educated and less healthy’

Washington, Jan 8 (ANI): People born in the months of December, January and February are, on average, less educated, less intelligent, less healthy and lower paid than people born in other seasons, according to a new study by researchers the University of Notre Dame.

Kasey Buckles and Daniel Hungerman said that individuals born in these months have some real disadvantages.

Buckles and Hungerman came to this conclusion after analysing U.S census data and birth certificates to determine if the typical woman giving birth in winter is any different from the typical woman giving birth at other times of the year.

They discovered that babies born in the winter are more likely to have mothers who are unmarried, who are teenagers or who lack a high school diploma.

One explanation for the seasonal patterns in births is that summer”s high temperatures inhibit sperm production.

This seems to affect lower socio-economic status women more adversely, which could explain why there are relatively fewer births to these women in the spring and early summer.

The researchers also point out that there could be a ‘prom babies’ effect, with winter births occurring nine moths after end-of-year school celebrations.

The researchers also note that survey data has shown that women consider winter the least desirable season in which to give birth.

They suggest that women who are wealthier and more educated are better able to time their births to more desirable seasons. (ANI)

Da Vinci’s 12-volume collection to be dismantled

Da Vinci’s 12-volume collection to be dismantledRome, A leading Leonardo Da Vinci scholar has spoke in favor of dismantling a 12-volume collection of work by the Renaissance genius.

According to a report by news agency Ansa. it, the scholar in question is Carlo Pedretti, who has been a leading Leonardo scholar for nearly six decades.

Commenting on plans to reverse a controversial 1970s restoration project, which would leave the Codex Atlanticus as a bundle of loose pages, Pedretti said that he approved of the proposal.

“The damage has already been done. The Codex Atlanticus was ruined when its pages were first assembled into 12 volumes,” he said. “Separating it now can only improve its conservation and make it easier to display at exhibitions,” he added.

The codex is the largest collection of Leonardo’s drawings and writings, exploring his insights and ingenious ideas on a vast array of subjects, such as flying, mathematics, botany, weaponry, astronomy and architecture.

It was originally assembled in the late 16th century by the sculptor Pompeo Leoni, who dismembered a number of existing Leonardo notebooks in the process.

He gathered nearly 1,120 scraps of paper onto 402 pages, which he then bound into a single, enormous volume.

A restoration project of 1968-1972 split the codex into 12 leather-bound parts in efforts to help preserve it.

“These pages were mounted on the blank sheets of 12 volumes, which altered their edges for ever,” said Pedretti. “And that’s to say nothing of the damage caused to the writing and drawings, which were weakened by submerging the pages in water and alcohol and then badly touched up by ‘restorers’,” he added.

“Given that the most recent sale of a Leonardo drawing fetched 25 million dollars, the damage caused by this restoration was genuinely incalculable,” he further added.

Plans to dismantle the codex were announced by Milan’s Ambrosiana Library, which, with the exception of 20 years in France, has stored the collection since 1637.

The proposal has generally been greeted favourably, with Pedretti’s endorsement carrying particular weight.

According to Florence’s Museum Superintendent, Cristina Acidini, the move could reveal new secrets about the codex.

“When it was bound in its current form, they did not have the techniques available today for gathering information from paper or analysing ink composition,” she said.

“Splitting the pages would enable experts to assess the needs of each page individually, ensuring more effective conservation,” she added. (ANI)